Treatment and Prognosis of COVID-19 Associated Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions

Seo, Min Young; Lee, Seung Hoon

doi:10.3390/jpm11101037

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Currently, no validated treatment for COVID-19-related OD exists. Only olfactory training has been suggested as an effective low-risk treatment ( Whitcroft and Hummel, 2020 ; Seo and Lee, 2021 ). Oral and topical corticosteroids have been used as therapeutic approaches for OD; however, corticosteroids are not recommended for COVID-19-related OD owing to unclear evidence and potential risk of harm ( Whitcroft and Hummel, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kampo Medicine Promotes Early Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Retrospective Observational Study

et al. 2022

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Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and it significantly deteriorates patients’ quality of life. Effective treatments remain unknown.Purpose: To assess the effect of Japanese traditional (Kampo) medicine on coronavirus disease 2019-related olfactory dysfunction.Study Design: Retrospective observational study.Methods: In total, 87 patients aged ≥18 years with coronavirus disease 2019 and severe dysosmia or anosmia (Numeric Rating Scale, ≥7) at isolation facilities in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, were enrolled from October 2020 to March 2021. Patients were divided into the Kampo group (N = 52) and the control group (N = 35) based on the treatment received. Changes in Numeric Rating Scale scores were evaluated at the first visit and 2 weeks after.Results: The median reduction in the olfactory dysfunction score at both 1 and 2 weeks after the first visit was significantly greater in the Kampo group (6 and 8, respectively; p = 0.03) than in the control group (3 and 7, respectively; p = 0.04). We defined improvement in olfactory dysfunction as a median reduction in the olfactory dysfunction score of ≥5. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that only Kampo treatment was significantly associated with improvement in olfactory dysfunction.Conclusion: This study suggests that Kampo medication promotes early recovery from coronavirus disease 2019-related olfactory dysfunction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kampo Medicine Promotes Early Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Retrospective Observational Study

et al. 2022

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“…Olfactory dysfunction impacts patients’ lives and psychology [ 51 , 52 ]. Except for olfactory training which involves 15-min interval sniffing of four different odorants (essential oils) twice a day, until now, no effective treatment for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction has been found [ 53 , 54 ]. Olfactory training has been used in conjunction with testing the ability for odor discrimination, odor identification, and odor threshold.…”

Section: Covid-19 and Our Chemical Sensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory Ability and Sensitivity in Health and Disease: Epigenetic Regulation and COVID-19

Bhatia‐Dey

Csóka

Heinbockel

2023

IJMS

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Throughout the animal kingdom, our two chemical senses, olfaction and gustation, are defined by two primary factors: genomic architecture of the organisms and their living environment. During the past three years of the global COVID-19 pandemic, these two sensory modalities have drawn much attention at the basic science and clinical levels because of the strong association of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction with viral infection. Loss of our sense of smell alone, or together with a loss of taste, has emerged as a reliable indicator of COVID-19 infection. Previously, similar dysfunctions have been detected in a large cohort of patients with chronic conditions. The research focus remains on understanding the persistence of olfactory and gustatory disturbances in the post-infection phase, especially in cases with long-term effect of infection (long COVID). Also, both sensory modalities show consistent age-related decline in studies aimed to understand the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions. Some studies using classical model organisms show an impact on neural structure and behavior in offspring as an outcome of parental olfactory experience. The methylation status of specific odorant receptors, activated in parents, is passed on to the offspring. Furthermore, experimental evidence indicates an inverse correlation of gustatory and olfactory abilities with obesity. Such diverse lines of evidence emerging from basic and clinical research studies indicate a complex interplay of genetic factors, evolutionary forces, and epigenetic alterations. Environmental factors that regulate gustation and olfaction could induce epigenetic modulation. However, in turn, such modulation leads to variable effects depending on genetic makeup and physiological status. Therefore, a layered regulatory hierarchy remains active and is passed on to multiple generations. In the present review, we attempt to understand the experimental evidence that indicates variable regulatory mechanisms through multilayered and cross-reacting pathways. Our analytical approach will add to enhancement of prevailing therapeutic interventions and bring to the forefront the significance of chemosensory modalities for the evaluation and maintenance of long-term health.

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Effect of oral zinc and steroids on long COVID hyposmia and hypogeusia

Chiang,

Jiang

2024

SAGE Open Medicine

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Objective: We studied the prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in patients with long COVID (Coronavirus Disease 2019) after treatment with oral zinc and steroids. Methods: We measured olfactory and gustatory functions of long COVID patients at their first visits, and after 2–4 months of treatment with oral zinc and steroids using the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Waterless Empirical Taste Test. We also assessed by phone the recovery of olfactory and gustatory functions at a mean of about 10 months of follow-up. Results: Among our 71 long COVID patients, 34 complained of loss of smell and taste. Their objective test results showed 88.2% hyposmic, 23.5% hypogeusic at the first visit. After treatment, 77.8% of the patients were hyposmic, and 16.7% were hypogeusic. After a mean follow-up of 10.35 months, 91.2% of the patients reported improvement in their olfactory function. Among the 36 patients who had complained only of smell loss, the objective test results showed 75% hyposmic at their first visit. After treatment, 71.4% of the patients were hyposmic. After a mean of 10.42 months of follow-up, 77.8% of the patients reported improvement in their olfactory function. Only one patient complained of taste loss. Conclusions: We found that olfactory dysfunction in most long COVID patients persisted for more than 10 months.

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Treatment and Prognosis of COVID-19 Associated Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions

Cited by 4 publications

References 34 publications

Kampo Medicine Promotes Early Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Retrospective Observational Study

Kampo Medicine Promotes Early Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: A Retrospective Observational Study

Chemosensory Ability and Sensitivity in Health and Disease: Epigenetic Regulation and COVID-19

Effect of oral zinc and steroids on long COVID hyposmia and hypogeusia

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