Treatment and Recycling of Wastewater from Winery

Innovative applications of whey protein for sustainable dairy industry: Environmental and technological perspectives—A comprehensive review

“…In addition, the presence of toxic heavy metals in excess, such as Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Mn 2+ , can poison aquatic creatures over time and make their way into the food chain. These heavy metals also build up in plant tissues, endangering both humans and animals who consume those plants (Vijayaraghavalu et al., 2019). The conversion of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrogen present in raw milk to nitrite can result in methemoglobinemia and groundwater pollution (Ahmad et al., 2019).…”

Degradation of Agro-Industrial Wastewater Model Compound by UV-A-Fenton Process: Batch vs. Continuous Mode

“…These wastewaters are characterized by an elevated content of suspended solids, low pH (3)(4)(5), and high organic load composed of phenolic compounds, sugars, organic acids, and esters [8,9]. Among these compounds, polyphenols are considered to be hazardous compounds because they are not mineralized by conventional biologic treatments [10,11], among which polyphenolic compounds are found to be the most abundant, including gallic, syringic, protocatechuic, vanillic, and caffeic acids [12][13][14][15]. Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is considered to be one of the most refractory phenolic compounds to biologic degradation, because it exhibits high toxicity and antibacterial activity and represents a risk to human health, reaching 100 mg L −1 , with a half-life ranging from 21.2 to 26.7 min in natural conditions [12,16,17].…”