Treatment for postpolio syndrome

Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews

“…Following abstract and full paper assessment, 21 reviews fulfilled the inclusion criteria: four in rheumatoid arthritis (Cramp 2013; Han 2004; Hurkmans 2009; Silva 2010), four in osteoarthritis (Bartels 2007; Fransen 2014; Fransen 2015; Regnaux 2015), three in fibromyalgia (Bidonde 2014; Busch 2007; Busch 2013), three in low back pain (Hayden 2005; Saragiotto 2016; Yamato 2015), two in intermittent claudication (Lane 2014; Lauret 2014), one in dysmenorrhoea (Brown 2010), one in mechanical neck disorder (Gross 2015a), one in spinal cord injury (Boldt 2014), one in postpolio syndrome (Koopman 2015), and one in patellofemoral pain (van der Heijden 2015). None of the included reviews assessed 'chronic pain' or 'chronic widespread pain' as a general term or specific condition.…”

“…The 21 included reviews were published by five different Cochrane Review groups: 11 from the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group (Bartels 2007; Bidonde 2014; Busch 2007; Busch 2013; Cramp 2013; Fransen 2014; Fransen 2015; Han 2004; Hurkmans 2009; Regnaux 2015; Silva 2010); four from the Cochrane Neck and Back Group previously the Cochrane Back Group) (Gross 2015a; Hayden 2005; Saragiotto 2016; Yamato 2015); two from the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group (Lane 2014; Lauret 2014); one from the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group (Brown 2010); one from the Cochrane Injuries Group (Boldt 2014); one from the Cochrane Neuromuscular Group (Koopman 2015); and one from the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group (van der Heijden 2015). …”

“…Interventions assessed included: any specified style of land-based exercise or physical activity such as one designed to improve strength, range of movement, aerobic capacity, or a combination of these (Boldt 2014; Busch 2007; Busch 2013; Cramp 2013; Fransen 2014; Fransen 2015; Gross 2015a; Hurkmans 2009; Koopman 2015; Regnaux 2015; van der Heijden 2015); a single style of land-based exercise only (tai chi only: Han 2004, walking only: Lauret 2014, walking or jogging only: Brown 2010; Lane 2014, balance training only: Silva 2010, motor control exercise only: Saragiotto 2016, Pilates method only: Yamato 2015); any pool-based or aquatic therapy (Bartels 2007; Bidonde 2014; Cramp 2013), or "any exercise therapy" (Hayden 2005). …”

“…Baseline intensity was often accepted as low/moderate, with the aim to progress over the intervention period to 70% to 85% of HRmax or heart rate reserve (HRR) for aerobic interventions (Brown 2010; Cramp 2013; Hurkmans 2009), 70% to 80% of an individual's 1-RM, or 50% to 70% maximum voluntary contraction (Koopman 2015) in strength/resistance training programmes (Busch 2013; Hurkmans 2009). In other reviews, intensity was described more loosely as "variable" or "low intensity (very light) to maximum effort (vigorous)" (Bidonde 2014; Fransen 2014; Lane 2014; Regnaux 2015), "low intensity" (Fransen 2014; Gross 2015a; Han 2004; Silva 2010), or "moderate or moderate-to-high" (Cramp 2013; Fransen 2015).…”

“…Each review defined short-, intermediate-, and long-term follow-up according to their own assessment, so when the time period was not mentioned explicitly, we grouped the reviews according to the review authors' own classification only, and where a time period (weeks, month, years) was explicitly listed but not defined by the authors, we grouped them as short-term (follow-up as under six months), intermediate-term (six to 12 months), and long-term (longer than 12 months): short-term: Busch 2013; Fransen 2014; Fransen 2015; Gross 2015a; Hayden 2005; Lane 2014; Regnaux 2015; Saragiotto 2016; intermediate-term: Bartels 2007; Fransen 2015; Gross 2015a; Hayden 2005; Lane 2014; Regnaux 2015; Saragiotto 2016; long-term: Gross 2015a; Hayden 2005; Regnaux 2015; Saragiotto 2016. Five reviews did not report "post-intervention" but at short-term, mid/intermediate-term, and long-term postrandomisation (short, mid, and long term: Boldt 2014; short and intermediate term: Koopman 2015; Yamato 2015; short and long-term: Hurkmans 2009; van der Heijden 2015). One review assessed participants in an ongoing fashion "over three menstrual cycles" (Brown 2010).…”