Treatment modalities for allergic reactions in pigmented tattoos

Zwad, Julia; Jakob, A.; Groß, Christof; Rompel, Rainer

doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06168.x

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Further, the misconception that certain occupations carry skin lesions as integral parts of the job need to be addressed by regulators as well as occupational hygienists. For the more susceptible parts of the population, speciWc information may be needed, and screening to enable protection could be considered (Dickel et al 2004;Flyvholm and Lindberg 2006;John et al 2006;Kütting and Drexler 2008;. On the regulatory level, agencies issuing guidelines and performing risk assessments should consider that penetration through compromised skin may be signiWcantly higher than through healthy skin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Skin is an important route of entry for many chemicals in the work place. To assess systemic uptake of a chemical in contact with the skin, quantitative information on dermal absorption rates of chemicals is needed. Absorption rates are mainly obtained from studies performed with intact, healthy skin. At the work place, however, a compromised skin barrier, although not necessarily visible is common, e.g. due to physical and chemical damage. As reviewed in this article, there are several lines of evidence that reduced integrity of the skin barrier may increase dermal absorption of chemicals in the occupational setting. An impaired skin barrier might lead not only to enhanced absorption of a specific chemical, but also to entrance of larger molecules such as proteins and nanoparticles which normally are not able to penetrate intact skin. In addition to environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that some individuals have an intrinsically affected skin barrier which will facilitate entrance of chemicals into and through the skin making these persons more susceptible for local as well for systemic toxicity. This review addresses mechanisms of barrier alteration caused by the most common skin-damaging factors in the occupational settings and the consequences for dermal absorption of chemicals. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of maintained barrier properties of the skin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Kežić

Nielsen

2009

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…The mention of intermittent edemas, papules and itching of tattooed areas indicates an activation of the immune system due to pigments, inks or other ingredients of the colorant in the skin. We found many case reports on such skin reactions in the medical literature [16,19,21,35]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

et al. 2010

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Background: Millions of people are tattooed. However, the frequency of health problems is unknown. Methods: We performed an Internet survey in German-speaking countries. Results: The provenance of tattooed participants (n = 3,411) was evenly distributed in Germany. The participants had many (28%; >4) and large tattoos (36%; ≧900 cm²). After tattooing, the people described skin problems (67.5%) or systemic reactions (6.6%). Four weeks after tattooing, 9% still had health problems. Six percent reported persistent health problems due to the tattoo, of which females (7.3%) were more frequently concerned than males (4.2%). Colored tattoos provoked more short-term skin (p = 0.003) or systemic (p = 0.0001) reactions than black tattoos. Also the size of tattoos and the age at the time of tattooing play a significant role in many health problems. Conclusions: Our results show that millions of people in the Western world supposedly have transient or persisting health problems after tattooing. Owing to the large number and size of the tattoos, tattooists inject several grams of tattoo colorants into the skin, which partly spread in the human body and stay for a lifetime. The latter might cause additional health problems in the long term.

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A widespread allergic reaction to black tattoo ink caused by laser treatment

Bernstein

2015

Lasers Surg Med

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Treatment modalities for allergic reactions in pigmented tattoos

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin

Incidence of Health Problems Associated with Tattooed Skin: A Nation-Wide Survey in German-Speaking Countries

A widespread allergic reaction to black tattoo ink caused by laser treatment

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