Treatment of advanced heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease: a narrative review and clinical cases

Abstract

Background and Objective: The number of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) is increasing worldwide. Almost all congenital cardiac lesions can be successfully treated due to the progress in neonatal surgery and pediatric cardiology with a high likelihood of surviving until adulthood. However, ACHD frequently develop sequelae related to the initial cardiac anomaly. Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common complications associated with a high morbidity and mortality.