Treatment of Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistulas Using a Detachable Balloon Catheter Through the Superior Ophthalmic Vein

Angioarchitecture and Treatment Modalities in Posttraumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistulae

“…Transvenous approaches have also been described in the management of especially indirect CCF [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . The need for transvenous approaches is uncommon in the setting of traumatic CCF and often only required in the presence of proximal arterial occlusion where arterial access is hampered.…”

Transvenous embolization of carotid cavernous fistulas via the superior ophthalmic vein

“…If the arterial approach fails, because of the location of the fistula or anatomical variations or a combination of those, access via the femoral vein is a frequently successful alternative [2,6,10,13,20,23,24,28]. In a few rare cases a direct surgical approach via the superior ophthalmic vein is the only possibility to embolize the fistula [8,9,14,15,16,18,19,20,21,24].…”

“…Despite several publications about the safety, effectiveness, and cosmetically acceptable results [8,9,14,15,19], the transvenous embolization of carotid cavernous fistulas and cavernous sinus-dural fistulas via the superior ophthalmic vein is still not a standard procedure. In the 1980s several interdisciplinary study groups started to try transvenous embolizations via the superior ophthalmic vein [14,20,25,26].…”

Endovascular Approaches to the Carotid Cavernous Sinus for Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistulas and Hormone Sampling

“…SOV, IOV approach [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Approaches via direct puncture approach to the SOV and IOV and through the SOV from the dilated superficial temporal vein or division of external jugular vein are limited to CCF patients with comparative high flow drainages mainly inflowing into the SOV and/ or the inferior ophthalmic vein (IOV).…”

“…Various kinds of venous approaches have been reported: the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) route was the first established and most commonly used [4][5][6] , especially for venous hormone sampling 2,3 . When the ophthalmic vein [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] , superior petrosal sinus (SPS) 21 and pterigoid plexus (PP) 22 are involved in venous drainages of CCFs, each venous channel may become an appropriate access route. …”