“…cadmium), and rapid passivation of particles in the environment, which affects their performance (He et al, 2010;Zhang, 2003;Li et al, 2016). In the last two decades, research has focused on improving the (1) stability of nZVI by supporting it on porous materials (like bentonite, kaolinite, and activated carbon) Shi et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2018;Mackenzie et al, 2012;Chang et al, 2010;Bello et al, 2019) or polymers (Jiemvarangkul et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2016;Raychoudhury et al, 2010), and (2) performance by doping nZVI with catalytic metals (such as palladium, copper, and gold) (Su et al, 2014b;Kadu and Chikate, 2013;Chen et al, 2011;Shi et al, 2019). The side reaction of nZVI with water remained a major drawback of the technology until the more recent development of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI) (Fan et al, 2017a;Su et al, 2015a;Song et al, 2017a;Su et al, 2016a;Fan et al, 2016Fan et al, , 2017bQin et al, 2017).…”