Treatment of left dorsal displacement of the left colon (LDDLC): a clinical review

Nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in 142 horses (2000–2009): Analysis of factors associated with decision of treatment and short‐term survival

“…1991; Santschi et al . 1993; Leendertse 2006). However, the use of transcutaneous ultrasonography has been advocated for cases where rectal examination is impaired by gas distension or rendered impossible due to the size of the horse (Santschi et al .…”

“…A definite diagnosis of NSE was based on rectal examination supplemented by transcutaneous ultrasonography in a minority of cases. Although no gold standard exists for the diagnosis of NSE, rectal examination is generally believed to be adequate for making the diagnosis (Boening and von Saldern 1986;Kalsbeek 1989;Baird et al 1991;Santschi et al 1993;Leendertse 2006). However, the use of transcutaneous ultrasonography has been advocated for cases where rectal examination is impaired by gas distension or rendered impossible due to the size of the horse (Santschi et al 1993;Abutarbush and Naylor 2005).…”

Renosplenic entrapment: A review of clinical presentation and treatment

“…these clinical signs for several hours before abdominal pain becomes more severe or continuous (Deen 1990). The abdominal pain becomes more marked as the entrapped colon becomes more distended (Deen 1990;Leendertse 1993).…”

Phenylephrine HCl as a treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment in a horse

“…Gastric distention may cause medioventral displacement of the spleen which forms a space between the spleen and the abdominal wall. This may then allow tympanic colon to move dorsally (Leendertse 1994). The colon may also become draped over the nephrosplenic ligament subsequent to migration of the pelvic flexure through the space between the stomach and the spleen.…”

“…The hindquarters can be elevated off the ground and ballotment of the abdomen performed in an attempt to dislodge the entrapment. The horse can then be lowered into left lateral recumbency, rolled to sternal recumbency and then back to right lateral recumbency (Kalsbeek 1989;Sivula et al 1990;Sivula 1991;Leendertse 1994;Burba and Moore 1997). This rolling technique, combined with necessary medical support, was successful in correcting 23 out of 27 affected horses reviewed in one study (Kalsbeek 1989).…”