Treatment of naturally acquired demodectic mange with amitraz in two harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

Kim, Kyoo-Tae; Lee, Seung-Hun; Kwak, Dongmi

doi:10.1556/004.2015.033

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Given the likely contribution of immune-suppression to disease severity, treatment options must be explored. Ivermectin, doramectin and amitraz have shown efficacy for demodicosis treatment in wildlife, including a captive koala (Phascolarctos cinereu) and captive harbour seals 20,[43][44][45] . However, amitraz must be applied in a contained environment due to its toxicity to other marine life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)

Javeed

Foley

Oliver-Guimerá

et al. 2021

Veterinary Dermatology

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Background -Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) rely on intact pelage for thermoregulation, and thus clinically significant demodicosis and associated alopecia can cause morbidity and death.Hypothesis/Objectives -This study aimed to describe lesions associated with follicular Demodex sp. infestation, estimate the prevalence and intensity of infestation, describe mite distribution across key anatomical regions, and assess mite presence or absence in relation to lesions and host risk factors.Animals -Twenty necropsied, wild southern sea otters that stranded along the central California coast from 2005 to 2018.Methods and materials -Grossly normal and abnormal integument from the head, perineum, genitals, mamillary papillae and limbs was assessed microscopically for mites and mite-associated pathological findings.Results -Intrafollicular mites were observed in the integument of 55% of otters and 20% had clinical demodicosis. Demodicosis was considered to be contributory to death or euthanasia in two cases. Although Demodex sp. mites often were observed microscopically in grossly normal skin, the presence of multiple densely-packed intrafollicular mites generally was associated with pigmentary incontinence, ectatic follicles, lymphoplasmacytic perifolliculitis, and neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic, dermal inflammation. Other findings included epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis of epidermis and follicular epithelium, concurrent pyoderma and cell necrosis. Perioral integument, especially of the chin, had the highest prevalence of mites and the highest mite density, suggesting facial contact as a means of mite transmission.Conclusions and clinical importance -Our research confirmed demodectic mange as a contributor to morbidity and mortality in sea otters, with important implications for clinical care, rehabilitation and conservation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among aquatic species, Demodex spp. infestation and/or lesions have been reported in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus ), 16,19 harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina ) 14,20 and European otters ( Lutra lutra ) 21 . Lesions include scaling, alopecia and deep ulcers 14,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)

Javeed

Foley

Oliver-Guimerá

et al. 2021

Veterinary Dermatology

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“…In 2016, in two males of the gray seal (Phoca vitulina) from a Hungarian zoo, skin lesions caused by an unknown mite of the Demodex species were noticed and effectively treated with amitraz (33).…”

Section: Biology and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Used once or twice a month, this preparation, is highly effective in treating generalized demodicosis (20). Amitraz in a concentration of 0.01% administered topically, has proved to be an effective treatment of demodicosis in gray seals (33).…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical aspects of demodecosis in veterinary and human medicine

Jańczak¹,

Ruszczak²,

Kaszak³

et al. 2017

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Mites from the genus Demodex are ectoparasites of many mammals, including humans. There are over 100 Demodex species, which demonstrate strong specificity in host selection [Table 1]. The mites are common in humans. It has been estimated that up to 60% of adults may be infected, but in most cases no symptoms of the disease are present. Demodex multiplication inside sebaceous glands and hair follicles can lead to skin disease in both humans and animals. In humans, the main problem is ocular demodecosis, which can cause chronic conjunctivitis and blepharitis. In this paper, we present the biology and epidemiology of Demodex species in humans as well as in domestic and farm animals. Characteristic lesions, diagnostics and treatment of demodecosis are also described

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“…In other mammals, demodicosis, also called demodectic mange, results from over-proliferation of these mites (e.g. Bukva et al 1988; Matthes, 1994; Singh and Dimri, 2014; Kim et al 2015). Treatment with acaricides, such as ivermectin, is generally curative for these diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of host range in the follicle mite Demodex kutzeri

et al. 2016

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The sequences of four mitochondrial genes were determined for Demodex mites isolated from two distantly related species within the family Cervidae, and identified morphologically as belonging to the species Demodex kutzeri. The sequences were used to test the hypothesis that Demodex are strictly host-specific, and hence cospeciate with their hosts: (1) The estimated divergence time between mites found on elk vs humans agreed closely with a previous estimate of the time that these host species last shared a common ancestor, suggesting cospeciation of mites and hosts, at least over long evolutionary timescales. (2) The extremely low levels of sequence divergence between the mites found on elk vs mule deer hosts indicated that these mites belong to the same species, which suggests that Demodex are able to move across host species boundaries over shorter timescales. Together, the results are consistent with the model that Demodex mites are not strict host-specialists, but instead lose the ability to move between host lineages gradually.

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Treatment of naturally acquired demodectic mange with amitraz in two harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)

Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)

Clinical aspects of demodecosis in veterinary and human medicine

Evolution of host range in the follicle mite Demodex kutzeri

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