Treatment of Palm Oil Refinery Effluent Using Tannin as a Polymeric Coagulant: Isotherm, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Analyses

Abstract

The refining of the crude palm oil (CPO) generates the palm oil refinery effluent (PORE). The presence of high contents of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) in PORE encourages the determination of an effective treatment process to minimize the environmental pollution and preserve aquatic life. In the present study, a biodegradable natural polymer, namely tannin, was utilized as a coagulant to treat PORE. The coagulation experiment was conducted using a jar test apparatus. The tannin coagulation efficiency was evaluated based on the BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE by varying the tannin dose (50–300 mg/L), pH (pH 4–10), treatment time (15–90 min), and sedimentation time (15–90 min). It was found that the maximum removal of BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS was 97.62%, 88.89%, 93.01%, and 90.21%, respectively, at pH 6, a tannin dose of 200 mg/L, 60 min of coagulation time, and 60 min of sedimentation time. Analyses of isotherm models revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model was well fitted with the coagulation study. Kinetics studies show that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was the well-fitted kinetics model for the BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE using tannin as a polymeric coagulant. The determination of thermodynamics parameters analyses revealed that BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE was spontaneous, exothermic, and chemical in nature. The finding of the present study shows that tannin as a natural polymeric coagulant would be utilized in PORE treatment to avoid toxic sludge generation.

Isolation and Characterization of Magnetic Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch Cellulose Nanofiber Composite as a Bio-Sorbent for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) Removal

“… where and represents the capability of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption at equilibrium and at time t (min), respectively; represents the pseudo-first-order rate constant (min −1 ). The pseudo-second-order equation can be written, as shown in Equation (9) [ 20 , 26 ]. where (mg mg −1 min −1 ) represents the pseudo-second-order adsorption rate constant.…”

“…Wang et al [ 19 ] fabricated superhydrophobic coating and sorbent using hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber suspension for oil-water separation. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) isolated from lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively utilized as an adsorbent, because of its biocompatibility, high porosity, high surface area, abundance availability, non-toxicity, reusability and biodegradability [ 16 , 20 , 21 ]. Besides, the presence of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups in the carbon chain makes the CNF a promising adsorbent for the elimination of heavy metals from industrial effluent [ 16 ].…”

Utilization of moringa oleifera and nanofiltration membrane to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME)

“…Then, the mixture was left to sediment for 60 minutes. The step was repeated for 4 g/l, 6 g/l, 8 g/l, and 10 g/l dosages of the coagulant [5]. After the desired parametric (turbidity, pH, total suspended solids) study, the coagulant optimum dosage was selected for nanofiltration membrane separation.…”

“…It takes between 5 tons and 7.5 tons of water to produce a single ton of crude palm oil, a process that results in the generation of almost 3.5 m 3 of palm oil mill effluent [2]. Therefore, palm oil mill effluent must be treated for its high biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand before it is discharged to meet the stand-ards set by the environmental quality act of 1974 (prescribed premises) (crude palm oil) regulations, 1977 and fallen under the department of environmental (DOE) control [3][4][5][6][7]. It is thus vital to treat palm oil mill effluent and ensure that it can be used to its full extent without causing environmental damage.…”

Performance of Horizontal Roughing Filter for Colour Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Natural Adsorbent

“…The process of biological wastewater treatment is ranked as the second-largest producer of greenhouse gases in Malaysia. Gases produced by the biological treatment process are odorous and corrosive as they contain ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (Mat et al 2020;Hossain et al 2019;Bakar et al 2018). The ponding system is also influenced because of the excessive organic load and low pH in addition to the colloidal nature of the suspended solids in POME (Nahrul et al 2017).…”