Treatment of Phosphorus Balance Disorders

Grünberg, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.03.002

Cited by 57 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Hypophosphatemia is a common finding in the periparturient dairy cow and it has been associated empirically with diseases of fresh dairy cows such as postparturient hemoglobinuria and periparturient recumbency (Goff, 2004;Grünberg, 2014). The clinical relevance of hypophosphatemia in recumbent animals is contentious but an undisputed empirical observation is that hypophosphatemia is more common or more pronounced in recumbent periparturient cows that are unresponsive to parenteral calcium administration (Goff, 2000;Metzner and Klee, 2005;Ménard and Thompson, 2007;Grünberg, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clinical relevance of hypophosphatemia in recumbent animals is contentious but an undisputed empirical observation is that hypophosphatemia is more common or more pronounced in recumbent periparturient cows that are unresponsive to parenteral calcium administration (Goff, 2000;Metzner and Klee, 2005;Ménard and Thompson, 2007;Grünberg, 2014). Pronounced hypophosphatemia has been convincingly associated with impaired muscle function of striated and cardiac muscle in several experimental and clinical studies conducted in humans and differ-The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphoruscontaining compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows W. Grünberg,* 1,2 P. Scherpenisse, † P. Dobbelaar,* M. J. Idink,* and I. D. Wijnberg ‡ ent animal species not including cattle, but the precise mechanism through which phosphorus depletion or hypophosphatemia may impair muscle function is not well understood (Lotz et al, 1968;Fuller et al, 1976;Montanari et al, 1984;Subramanian and Khardori, 2000;Amanzadeh and Reilly, 2006;Grünberg, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphorus-containing compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows

Grünberg

Scherpenisse

Dobbelaar

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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Hypophosphatemia is a common finding in periparturient and anorectic cattle. Although the clinical relevance of hypophosphatemia in cattle is uncertain, it has been empirically associated with persistent recumbency, specifically in periparturient dairy cows. The objective of the present study was to determine if transient dietary phosphorus (P) deprivation over a course of 5 wk, by feeding an approximately 40% P-deficient ration to lactating dairy cows, would result in altered muscle function or muscle P metabolism severe enough to present a risk for animal health and well-being. In addition, we wanted to determine the association between the plasma phosphate concentration ([Pi]) and muscle tissue P content to assess to what extent intracellular P deprivation of muscle cells could be extrapolated from subnormal plasma [Pi]. Ten healthy multiparous, mid-lactating dairy cows received a ration with a P content of 0.18% over a period of 5 wk. Following the P-deprivation phase, the same ration supplemented with P to obtain a dietary P content of 0.43% was fed for 2 wk. Blood and urine samples were collected regularly and muscle biopsies were obtained repeatedly to determine the P content in muscle tissue. Function of skeletal and heart muscles was evaluated by electrocardiography and electromyography conducted repeatedly throughout the study. Feeding the P-deficient ration resulted in the rapid development of marked hypophosphatemia. The lowest plasma [Pi] were measured after 9 d of P depletion and were, on average, 60% below predepletion values. Plasma [Pi] increased thereafter, despite ongoing dietary P depletion. None of the animals developed clinical signs commonly associated with hypophosphatemia or any other health issues. Urine analysis revealed increasing renal calcium, pyridinoline, and hydroxypyridinoline excretion with ongoing P deprivation. Biochemical muscle tissue analysis showed that dietary P depletion and hypophosphatemia were not associated with a decline in muscle tissue P content. Electromyographic examination revealed increased occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity in striated muscles after 2 wk of dietary P depletion in several cows, which could be suggestive of neuromuscular membrane instability. No effect on heart muscle activity was identified electrocardiographically. These results suggest that counter-regulatory mechanisms were sufficient to maintain normal muscle tissue P content during transient and moderate P deprivation. Muscle function was not grossly affected, although the increased occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity suggests that subclinical neuropathy or myopathy, or both, may have occurred with ongoing P deprivation. The results presented here indicate that plasma [Pi] is unsuitable for assessing muscle tissue P content in cattle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphorus-containing compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows

Grünberg

Scherpenisse

Dobbelaar

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Due to a decrease in feed intake around parturition and the sudden onset of milk production, hypophosphatemia is a common finding in periparturient dairy cows (Staufenbiel et al, 2002;Macrae et al, 2006;Grünberg, 2008Grünberg, , 2014. Periparturient conditions, such as downer cow syndrome and postparturient hemoglobinuria, are widely believed to be associated with hypophosphatemia (Gerloff and Swensen, 1996;Stockdale et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an indicator of cellular immune function, a general assessment of phagocytosis activity of granulocytes and the ability of T-cell activation as a central point in adaptive immune responses through monitoring their frequencies and general activation capabilities was chosen, as is widely accepted (Roth and Kaeberle, 1981;Saad et al, 1989;Kegley et al, 2001). Feeding a diet deficient in P decreases plasma [Pi] Knowlton and Herbein, 2002;Grünberg, 2014). Development of the plasma [Pi] over time in the present study indicates that the dietary P content in the experimental ration was adequate to achieve P depletion in the cows in the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of feeding a low-phosphorus diet on leucocyte function in dairy cows

Eisenberg

Ravesloot

Koets

et al. 2014

Journal of Dairy Science

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Phosphorus depletion and hypophosphatemia have been described to interfere with immune function in rats and humans. In dairy cows, hypophosphatemia has been associated with muscle weakness and recumbency as well as with intravascular hemolysis resulting from increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, but so far, the influence of P depletion and hypophosphatemia on immune function has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether P depletion and ensuing hypophosphatemia are associated with impaired granulocyte and lymphocyte function. Eight mid-lactation dairy cows were fed a P-deficient ration (0.2% P/kg of DM) for a period of 4 wk. The depletion phase was preceded by a 2-wk acclimatization period and followed by a 2-wk repletion phase, during which the same ration was supplemented with P to meet or exceed daily requirements. Blood samples were collected at the end of the acclimatization period, after 2 and 4 wk of P depletion, and at the end of the repletion phase. Plasma phosphate concentrations ([Pi]) were determined and white blood cells were counted and isolated. General immune function was investigated by performing a phagocytosis assay with Staphylococcus aureus and a lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) with concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. The plasma [Pi] decreased significantly, with the lowest values (mean 0.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L) occurring after 2 wk of depletion, although depletion was continued for another 2 wk. During repletion, plasma [Pi] increased above baseline concentrations. Granulocyte counts changed in parallel with plasma [Pi] over time, decreasing significantly at 2 wk after P depletion and increasing again thereafter. Granulocyte survival after phagocytosis was lowest after 4 wk of P depletion. Phagocytosis activity of surviving granulocytes determined by mean fluorescence intensity was higher, indicating that phagocytosis was not negatively influenced by P depletion. Lymphocyte stimulation showed a similar trend, with a decreasing stimulation index at the end of P depletion, but differences were not statistically significant. Data presented in this study indicate that hypophosphatemia leads to a decrease in granulocyte counts. Chronic P depletion impairs granulocyte survival during phagocytosis but not phagocytosis activity. Lymphocyte function is not influenced by P depletion.

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“…20 Both acute and chronic phosphorus deficiencies occur in ruminants, but a recent review of phosphorus homeostasis and disorders in ruminants stated that the role of phosphatonins in ruminants had not yet been studied, 69 indicating a large deficit of knowledge in this area and a potential unexplored mechanism for the prevention of metabolic disease in early lactation.…”

Section: Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 In Domestic Animals: What We Knomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23

Hardcastle¹,

Dittmer

2015

Vet Pathol

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Traditionally, control of phosphorus in the body has been considered secondary to the tighter control of calcium by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. However, over the past decade, substantial advances have been made in understanding the control of phosphorus by the so-called phosphatonin system, the lynchpin of which is fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 binds to the klotho/FGFR1c receptor complex in renal tubular epithelial cells, leading to upregulation of Na/P i cotransporters and subsequent excretion of phosphorus from the body. In addition, FGF23 inhibits parathyroid hormone and the renal 1a-hydroxylase enzyme, while it stimulates 24-hydroxylase, leading to decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . FGF23 is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, particularly the hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets group and chronic kidney disease, and is a target for the development of new treatments in human medicine. Little work has been done on FGF23 or the other phosphatonins in veterinary medicine, but increases in FGF23 are seen with chronic kidney disease in cats, and increased FGF23 expression has been found in soft tissue sarcomas in dogs.Keywords fibroblast growth factor 23, phosphatonin, phosphorus metabolism disorders, rickets, chronic renal failure, chronic kidney disease Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a recently recognized hormone that plays an intrinsic role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, both in health and disease. Studies have shown that in humans, FGF23 is implicated in multiple inherited bone diseases, paraneoplastic bone disease (tumor-induced osteomalacia), and complications of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. In animals, a handful of studies have already recognized potential roles for FGF23 as a biomarker of disease and perhaps as a therapeutic agent. This review details the manner in which FGF23 joins established players in calciumphosphorus metabolism, current knowledge of its role in disease in humans and animals, and future avenues for research and use of this hormone.

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Treatment of Phosphorus Balance Disorders

Cited by 57 publications

References 95 publications

The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphorus-containing compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows

The effect of transient, moderate dietary phosphorus deprivation on phosphorus metabolism, muscle content of different phosphorus-containing compounds, and muscle function in dairy cows

Influence of feeding a low-phosphorus diet on leucocyte function in dairy cows

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23

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