Treatment of respiratory viral infections through inhalation therapeutics: Challenges and opportunities

Nainwal, Nidhi

doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102170

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…According to their mechanism of action (see above), interferons were also used rather prophylactically than therapeutically in viral infections including COVID-19. Some of these clinical studies showed promising but eventually not convincing results ( 41 , 42 ). Various trials (e.g., NCT04534725, NCT04552379, and NCT05485584) regarding the prevention of a SARS-CoV-2 transmission by interferon administration to persons with contact to COVID-19 patients are still in progress or have recently been completed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferons in COVID-19: missed opportunities to prove efficacy in clinical phase III trials?

Brzoska¹,

Eick²,

Hündgen³

2023

Front. Med.

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Interferons were repeatedly used in the therapy of COVID-19 due to their antiviral effects. Three recently published randomized controlled clinical phase III trials (WHO SOLIDARITY, ACTT-3, and SPRINTER) missed their primary objectives, i.e., a significant therapeutic effect of interferons was not demonstrated in these studies. In only one randomized controlled phase III trial (TOGETHER), a significant reduction in the hospitalization rate was revealed. Our study analyzes these findings, gives possible explanations for the failure of interferons, provides a proposal on how these agents could be successfully used, and also highlights the limitations of their employment in COVID-19. Interferons are apparently beneficial only if the patients are in the early stage of this disease and when they are usually not hospitalized, i.e., if the patients do not require oxygen support and/or if corticosteroids are not yet indicated. Furthermore, a higher dosage than the one used in the long-term treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta or of chronic viral hepatitis with interferon alpha or lambda should be employed to achieve a better therapeutic effect in COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferons in COVID-19: missed opportunities to prove efficacy in clinical phase III trials?

Brzoska¹,

Eick²,

Hündgen³

2023

Front. Med.

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“…The protection against viral infection affecting human respiratory tracts constitutes a huge challenge and, therefore, forces clinicians and scientists to develop effective antivirals or vaccines to alleviate the death rate in patients [ 144 ]. Although mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are being authorized and administrated since 2020, for most of the respiratory viruses, there is no vaccine currently available.…”

Section: Clinical Trials For Respiratory Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses in Human Olfactory Pathophysiology

Wade,

Diouara,

Ngom

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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Acute respiratory viruses (ARVs) are the leading cause of diseases in humans worldwide. High-risk individuals, including children and the elderly, could potentially develop severe illnesses that could result in hospitalization or death in the worst case. The most common ARVs are the Human respiratory syncytial virus, Human Metapneumovirus, Human Parainfluenza Virus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses (including SARS and MERS CoV), adenoviruses, Human Bocavirus, enterovirus (-D68 and 71), and influenza viruses. The olfactory deficits due to ARV infection are a common symptom among patients. This review provides an overview of the role of SARS-CoV-2 and other common ARVs in the development of human olfactory pathophysiology. We highlight the critical need to understand the signaling underlying the olfactory dysfunction and the development of therapeutics for this wide-ranging category of AVRs to restore the altered or loss of smell in affected patients.

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“…While there is currently no high number of antivirals approved for inhalation administration (ribavirin for RSV being one of the few exceptions), research into this field is advancing. 183 Nevertheless, the evaluation of the efficacy of an inhaled antiviral agent during clinical trials is not without issues. Indeed, numerous factors could influence the results, including the high quantity of mucus, which could reduce cellular permeability and prompt patients to breathe through their mouths, thereby reducing the inspiration at the nasal cavity and the inhalation of the antiviral agent.…”

Section: ■ Inhibitiors Of the Replication Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress toward the Discovery of Small Molecules as Novel Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Agents

Felicetti,

Sarnari,

Gaito

et al. 2024

J. Med. Chem.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stands as the foremost cause of infant hospitalization globally, ranking second only to malaria in terms of infant mortality. Although three vaccines have recently been approved for the prophylaxis of adults aged 60 and above, and pregnant women, there is currently no effective antiviral drug for treating RSV infections. The only preventive measure for infants at high risk of severe RSV disease is passive immunization through monoclonal antibodies. This Perspective offers an overview of the latest advancements in RSV drug discovery of small molecule antivirals, with particular focus on the promising findings from agents targeting the fusion and polymerase proteins. A comprehensive reflection on the current state of RSV research is also given, drawing inspiration from the lessons gleaned from HCV and HIV, while also considering the impact of the recent approval of the three vaccines.

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Treatment of respiratory viral infections through inhalation therapeutics: Challenges and opportunities

Cited by 14 publications

References 128 publications

Interferons in COVID-19: missed opportunities to prove efficacy in clinical phase III trials?

Interferons in COVID-19: missed opportunities to prove efficacy in clinical phase III trials?

SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses in Human Olfactory Pathophysiology

Recent Progress toward the Discovery of Small Molecules as Novel Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Agents

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