Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: the clinical utility of etelcalcetide

Abstract

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), a very frequent, severe, and worsening complication of chronic kidney disease, is characterized by high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathyroid gland hyperplasia, and disturbances in mineral metabolism. Clinically, SHPT shows renal osteodystrophy, vascular calcification, cardiovascular damage, and fatal outcome. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the main physiological regulator of PTH secretion; its activation by calcium rapidly inhibits PTH. Another important player in regulating mineral metabolism is vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is under the influence of vitamin D and influences the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, PTH gene expression, and bone calcium mobilization. Serum phosphate levels influence fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) production, a phosphatonin that modulates serum phosphate reabsorption, PTH synthesis, and vitamin D production. Current therapeutic approaches consist of 1) phosphate intake control by diet or phosphate binders, 2) vitamin D by VDR activation, and 3) calcimimetic agents that activate CaSR. Recently, a new long-acting peptide (etelcalcetide) belonging to the calcimimetics class was approved for intravenous use in hemodialysis patients with SHPT. Etelcalcetide binds directly to CaSR, by a sulfide bond, inhibiting the production and secretion of PTH by parathyroid glands. After intravenous administration in rats, etelcalcetide is quickly distributed to the tissues and eliminated by kidneys, while in uremic animals the nonrenal excretion is only 1.2%. In hemodialysis patients, the treatment itself is the main route of elimination. Etelcalcetide in hemodialysis patients with SHPT was more effective than placebo and cinacalcet, with a PTH reduction of >30% in 76% of patients with etelcalcetide versus 10% with placebo. Particular attention was paid to the safety of the drug; the most common adverse event was asymptomatic blood calcium reduction, similar to cinacalcet, while gastrointestinal symptoms were less frequent. This promising new drug available for better control of SHPT will, together with drugs already in use, optimize the treatment to normalize the biochemical parameters.

2017 FDA Peptide Harvest

“…The presence of amino acids in D configuration confers the peptide chain resistance to proteolytic degradation. The presence of disulphide bonds facilitates the biotransformation process, especially with endogenous thiols in blood, and this is considered a main metabolic pathway of etelcalcetide [11][12][13]. [13,15,22].…”

Sixty‐Two‐Year‐Old Male Suffering From Uremic Leontiasis Ossea Caused by Severe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

“…(7) Discussion Uncontrolled SHPT causes complications such as bone remodeling, skeletal turnover, cardiovascular disturbances, metabolic imbalances, etc. (10,11) Tertiary hyperparathyroidism-(THPT), first described in 1963, is classically defined as persistent hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia due to either prolonged SHPT or autonomous hypersecretion of one or more parathyroid glands after kidney transplantation. (12,13) Therefore, the term THPT can also be used to describe this patient.…”

“…(20) Uremic patients often also experience cardiopulmonary insufficiency, vascular calcification, malnutrition, bleeding during the intraoperative and perioperative periods, infection, arrhythmia, circulatory disorders, and other complications. (10) Improving the safety and effectiveness of TPTX surgery is urgently necessary. Most people have four parathyroid glands; this patient had five, meaning that he had one supernumerary parathyroid gland.…”

Examination of the Etiologic Causes in Patients Presenting with Elevated Parathormone

“…In addition, there may be also a secondary elevation in order to compensate for unexpected changes in blood calcium levels such as in case of between "vitamin D deficiency" and "PHPT", b : between "vitamin D deficiency" and "FHH", c : between "PHPT" and "FHH". PHPT: Primary hyperparathyroidism, FHH: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, PTH: Parathyroid hormone CRF or vitamin D deficiency (6). When PTH is studied due to any reason and found to be elevated, there may be multiple causes of this elevation.…”