Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation — Low-cost options

Strauss, M.; Larmie, Seth A.; Heinss, U.

doi:10.1016/s0273-1223(97)00103-0

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As noted by Pescod (1971), Pradt (1971), Um & Kim (1986), Guo et al (1991) and Strauss et al (1997), the characteristics of collected fecal sludges vary greatly and depends on, among others, the season, type of on-site sanitation system (e.g., water closet/septic tank system, dry aqua privy, watertight vented pit latrines), emptying frequency (i.e., is the retention time in the facility), the extent of stormwater or groundwater infiltration into the sanitation facility and on user habits. Fecal sludge contains various heavy metals and microorganisms which have potential ecological, biological and health impacts (Hashem 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Heavy metals and microbial loads in raw fecal sludge from low income areas of Ashanti Region of Ghana

Appiah–Effah

Nyarko

Antwi

et al. 2015

Water Practice and Technology

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This study was carried out to determine the heavy metals and microbial loads of raw public toilet sludge from low income areas (peri-urban and rural) of Ashanti Region of Ghana. Fecal sludges were sampled from public toilets. Methods outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewaters were used for the analyses of fecal sludge samples. Range of heavy metals concentrations were found as 0.039-5.216 mg/l and 0.010-1.488 mg/l for peri-urban and rural areas, respectively. These concentrations were in the order of Mn . .Cu . .Fe . .Zn . .Pb . .Ar . .Cd and Zn . .Mn . .Fe . .Cu . .Pb . .Ar . .Cd for peri-urban and rural areas, respectively. The range of bacteria loads was measured as 1.4 Â 10 6 -4.5 Â 10 7 CFU/100 ml for peri-urban and 0.2 Â 10 6 -4.5 Â 10 7 CFU/100 ml for rural areas. Similarly, range of helminths was determined as 1-18 eggs/100 ml for both peri-urban and rural areas. The study showed that the levels of heavy metals and microbial quantities were generally higher in peri-urban compared to rural areas. However, fecal sludge from these low income areas are not recommended for direct use in agriculture unless they are given further treatment. Composting is recommended as a promising and suitable method for effective treatment of fecal sludge resulting in a hygienically safe and economically profitable product.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Heavy metals and microbial loads in raw fecal sludge from low income areas of Ashanti Region of Ghana

Appiah–Effah

Nyarko

Antwi

et al. 2015

Water Practice and Technology

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“…The presence of high amounts of slowly biodegradable organic matter implies that the microorganisms will require a much longer time to degrade the organic matter in the sludge. The disposal of FS in this state into the environment will have a dire environmental and public health consequence [7] particularly when it finds its way into surface water bodies.…”

Section: Chemical and Biochemical Oxygen Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most fundamental step involved in the management of any type of waste is the identification of its constituents [5]. There is complex heterogeneity in the characteristics of FS depending on factors such as type of on-site sanitation system, season, emptying frequency, the extent of water intrusion into the facility and user habits [6,7]. Knowledge of the characteristics of FS is required for the selection of appropriate technology for treatment, sizing of treatment units and assessment of the prospects of resource recovery from the sludge [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Faecal Sludge from Pit Latrines to Guide Management Solutions in Cape Coast, Ghana

Awere

Obeng

et al. 2020

JGEESI

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This study characterised faecal sludge from public ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines in Cape Coast to assess their potential impact on the environment and to guide the selection of appropriate management solutions. The paper also estimates the amount of beneficial resources wasted due to the lack of a faecal sludge (FS) treatment facility. The study employed a quantitative design involving laboratory analysis of FS sampled from 13 purposively sampled VIP latrines in Cape Coast, Ghana. Sampling activities were carried out in January and February (dry season) and September and October (wet season) of 2015. Samples of unhardened pit latrine sludge were collected from all 13 pit latrines for quality assessment. Physicochemical parameters (moisture content, COD, BOD5, total solids and total volatile solids) of homogenous samples from the surface, middle and bottom of pit contents were analysed following standard procedures. Apart from total solids, all other parameters decreased with the depth of sampling and the differences were statistically significant (p<.01). Seasonal variation in faecal sludge characteristics was not significant except for BOD5. A high COD: BOD5 (3.8-4.5:1) shows faecal sludge that is characterised by slowly degradable organic matter. Even though the FS at the bottom of the pits was found to be the most stabilized, its characteristic parameters indicate that discharging it into the environment without any further treatment would pose a significant threat to public health. The characteristics suggest that co-composting would be the most appropriate option for treating the FS and also underscore the fact that the VIP latrine technology is not suitable for use as a public toilet.

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“…In many large cities of developing countries, fecal sludge (FS) collection and disposal is becoming a serious environmental issue as accelerating urbanization results in increased generation of fecal matter that is beyond the capacity of FS collection and treatment facilities (Strauss et al 1997). According to Kone & Strauss (2004), assuming an average daily per capita generation 1 L FS in urban areas, a city of 1 million inhabitants will need to collect daily 1,000 m 3 FS for treatment or disposal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection risks associated with different fecal sludge disposal practices in Thailand

Yajima

Koottatep

2009

Journal of Water and Health

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The proper management of fecal sludge (FS), to block the transmission pathways of pathogens, is rarely enforced in many parts of the world. Health risks associated with different disposal practices of FS in peri-urban settings of a large metropolis in Thailand were assessed; Tha Klong sub-district with indiscriminate FS dumping, and Klong Luang sub-district which has an FS treatment system.The study showed that indiscriminate FS dumping from along the canal banks and discharge of market waste were likely the major sources of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in contamination of the canal water. The increased microbial pathogen concentrations near the FS treatment facility also indicated contamination risks from poorly designed treatment facilities. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) indicated very high water-related infection risk levels compared to the actual locally recorded disease occurrences. These results indicated that the QMRA model needs to be modified to take account of immunological differences between populations in developed countries, where the model was developed, and developing countries. In addition, further sensitivity factors are needed to reflect different societal behavior patterns, and therefore contact with potentially contaminated water, in different sub-populations of many less developed communities.

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Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation — Low-cost options

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Heavy metals and microbial loads in raw fecal sludge from low income areas of Ashanti Region of Ghana

Heavy metals and microbial loads in raw fecal sludge from low income areas of Ashanti Region of Ghana

Characterization of Faecal Sludge from Pit Latrines to Guide Management Solutions in Cape Coast, Ghana

Assessment of E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection risks associated with different fecal sludge disposal practices in Thailand

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