Treatment of Steroid-Resistant Nodular Episcleritis With Tacrolimus: A Case Report

Abstract

A 46-year-old male, with no chronic medical illness, complained of pain, tearing, and redness for onemonth duration, with no photophobia, discharge, or decrease in visual acuity. Examination revealed a small, painful, red swelling in the left sclera. Slit-lamp examination using a narrow bright slit beam revealed edema of the episcleral layer and injection of the superficial episcleral blood vessels. The rest of the anterior segment exam and fundoscopy were normal. The laboratory investigations and systemic workup were normal. The patient was initially treated with prednisolone acetate (Pred Forte) 1% every three hours per day for one week, and then four times per day for another week, and tapered gradually over eight weeks with systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as diclofenac sodium for eight weeks with mild improvement of clinical symptoms, but the size of the lesion remained without any change and the patient started to have a relapse of symptoms at the end of the course. Topical tacrolimus drops of 0.1% concentration were prepared in the pharmacy under complete sterile precautions and were used four times per day for the following six weeks duration instead of the initial therapy (steroids and NSAIDs). Tacrolimus drops were then tapered gradually over another six weeks duration. The patient showed dramatic suppression of inflammation and exceptional remission of symptoms with complete resolution of the episcleritis. Topical tacrolimus is very effective in the treatment of nodular episcleritis, which is resistant to steroid therapy. Patients with nodular episcleritis suffer from prolonged bouts of inflammation that are characteristically more painful than the diffuse type and may be associated with other systemic diseases. The case is steroid-resistant nodular episcleritis, which did not respond to the usual treatment and showed a good response to treatment with tacrolimus, which was first introduced in episcleritis. Tacrolimus is being used in other ocular diseases, but its use in episcleritis is unique.

Recent Advances in the Treatment of Ocular Complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A review of current literature

“…Severe, recurrent, or refractory cases may require periocular steroid injections, oral steroids, or, in rare cases, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as 116 hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, or methotrexate [37]. A recent case report demonstrated a complete resolution of symptoms in a patient with steroid-resistant nodular episcleritis treated with topical 0.1% tacrolimus eye drops [80]. Due to a benign course of the disease and a relatively small fraction of patients who require treatment, the therapeutic options remain mostly unchanged.…”