Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata Vaginitis: Retrospective Review of Boric Acid Therapy

Sobel, Jack D.; Chaim, Walter

doi:10.1093/clind/24.4.649

Cited by 134 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the results suggest that the growth of the majority of C. albicans will be controlled by the presence of Lactobacillus, resulting in the situation of equilibrium or colonisation. This could be possible as the species of Lactobacillus that produces H 2 O 2 are present in the vagina of 98% of normal women (18). In spite of this evidence, cases of VVC with normal lactobacilar flora have been observed.…”

Section: Production Of Phospholipases and Proteinasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of exoenzymes such as proteases and phospholipases are factors which have been classically understood (6,8). Others, such as haemolytic activity (11,12) and the resistance to hydrogen peroxide (18,19), are still little studied, especially in vaginal isolates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genotypes of this yeast have been associated with different infection sites (18) and with susceptibility to antifungal drugs (20). Recently, Chong et al (4), in a study of genetic similarities by random amplification of the polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of Malaysian patients with VVC and RVVC, found that patients with RVVC are more frequently colonised by the same isolate of Candida.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of association between genotypes and virulence factors in C. albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretion

Shinobu¹,

Ogatta²,

Bizerra³

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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The physiopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is still not completely elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is a relationship between the different genotypes of Candida albicans, their main agent and the virulence of this yeast in vaginal isolates, and to check if there are laboratorial markers that can predict the ability of each isolate to develop VVC independently of symptoms. The production of exoenzymes protease, phospholipase and haemolysin, resistance to hydrogen peroxide, and the genotype were determined. Genotype A was predominant (75%), protease, phospholipase and haemolytic activity were highly expressed, and the majority of the yeasts were sensitive to H2O2 in 1 and 2 hours of exposure, suggesting that these factors are important in the virulence of vaginal isolates. However they did not have any correlation with the genotypes. The different isolates expressed similar virulence potential, suggesting that other factors relating to the yeasts and the host must participate in the development of the clinical disease.

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Section: Production Of Phospholipases and Proteinasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of association between genotypes and virulence factors in C. albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretion

Shinobu¹,

Ogatta²,

Bizerra³

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…Only rarely are antifungal susceptibility tests necessary. Non-albicans Candida infections frequently will require the use of non-azole therapy, including topical therapy with boric acid, ucytosine or 3± 4% amphotericin B 20 . The lack of fungicidal agents, both topical and systemic for eradication, as opposed to suppression of organisms, continues to be a major challenge in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.…”

Section: Antimycotic Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a comparison of HIV-positive and -negative women

Sobel

2002

Int J STD AIDS

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Summary:Although considerable information has accumulated in the last decade regarding rates of both vaginal colonization and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-positive women, gaps in our knowledge remain, particularly with regard to pathophysiology of clinical disease. Unfortunately, early and possibly premature conclusions were reached in the late 1980s which resulted in the widespread dissemination of information indicating that recurrent VVC (RVVC) was a manifestation of HIV infection and that women with RVVC should be tested for HIV. Unfortunately, subsequent data from cohort studies involving HIV-positive women failed to determine attack rates of symptomatic Candida vaginitis requiring therapy. Recent studies indicate that Candida vaginitis, even if more frequent in HIV infected women, is clinically similar to that experienced in HIV-negative women and does not appear to be of increased clinical severity. VVC in HIVpositive women can be treated by conventional methods including the use of maintenance suppressive antifungal therapy and most importantly RVVC in women is not in itself a sentinel of HIV infection. Ongoing concerns include vaginal acquisition of non-albicans Candida species and the development of antimycotic drug resistance in C. albicans vaginal isolates.

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“…Though some geographical variations exist, Candida glabrata is now considered the most commonly isolated of the non-C. albicans species (6,30), and the incidence of C. glabrata bloodstream infections is rising (31,32). C. glabrata is also emerging as the second most common cause of vaginitis (39). This increase in the incidence of C. glabrata infections is noteworthy because of its decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (30,31) and the high crude mortality rate of bloodstream infection (13,43) In spite of its increased prominence, little is known of the population structure, epidemiology, and basic biology of C. glabrata.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilocus Sequence Typing of Candidaglabrata Reveals Geographically EnrichedClades

Dodgson

Pujol

Denning³

et al. 2003

J Clin Microbiol

175

169

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The haploid pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is the second most common Candida species isolated from cases of bloodstream infection. The clinical relevance of C. glabrata is enhanced by its reduced susceptibility to fluconazole. Despite this, little is known of the epidemiology or population structure of this species. We developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for C. glabrata and used it to fingerprint a geographically diverse collection of 107 clinical isolates and 2 reference strains. Appropriate loci were identified by amplifying and sequencing fragments of the coding regions of 11 C. glabrata genes in 10 unrelated isolates. The 6 most variable loci (FKS, LEU2, NMT1, TRP1, UGP1, and URA3) were sequenced in the collection of 109 isolates. From the 3,345 bp sequenced in each isolate, 81 nucleotide sites were found to be variable. These defined 30 STs among the 109 strains. The technique was validated by comparison with random amplified polymorphic DNA and the complex DNA fingerprinting probes Cg6 and Cg12. MLST identified 5 major clades among the isolates studied. Three of the clades exhibited significant geographical bias. Our data demonstrate for the first time, with such a large geographically diverse strain collection, that distinct genetic clades of C. glabrata prevail in different geographical regions.

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Treatment of Torulopsis glabrata Vaginitis: Retrospective Review of Boric Acid Therapy

Cited by 134 publications

References 12 publications

Lack of association between genotypes and virulence factors in C. albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretion

Lack of association between genotypes and virulence factors in C. albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretion

Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a comparison of HIV-positive and -negative women

Multilocus Sequence Typing of Candidaglabrata Reveals Geographically EnrichedClades

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