Treatment of trichodiniasis in eel (Anguilla anguilla) reared in recirculation systems in Denmark: alternatives to formaldehyde

Madsen, Hans C.K; Buchmann, K.; Mellergaard, Stig

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00379-8

Cited by 69 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This compound has been shown to be effective against other fish ciliates, such as Tetrahymena pyriformis (in vitro : Griffin 1989) and Trichodina jadranica (in eel culture: Madsen et al 2000). Madsen et al's results suggest that it is indeed effective under marine conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Iglesias¹,

Paramá²,

Álvarez³

et al. 2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The histophagous ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi causes fatal scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. The present study screened 52 candidate antiprotozoals for activity against this pathogen in vitro. Of these compounds, 14 were effective (i.e. killed all ciliates within a 24 h assay period). In descending order of efficacy (minimum lethal concentration 100 to 0.8 ppm), these were niclosamide, oxyclozanide, bithionol sulfoxide, toltrazuril, N-(2'-hydroxy-5'-chloro-benzoyl) 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, furaltadone, doxycycline hyclate, formalin, albendazole, carnidazole, pyrimethamine, quinacrine hydrochloride and quinine sulfate. Administration in filtered seawater rather than phosphate-buffered saline inactivated doxycycline hyclate and albendazole, and markedly reduced that of bithionol sulfoxide and toltrazuril, suggesting that these compounds may not be effective in bath administration. In view of these findings, we discuss the potential utility of chemotherapy as a strategy for the control of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot and sea bass. KEY WORDS: Turbot · Scuticociliatosis · Philasterides dicentrarchi · Chemotherapy · In vitro assayResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 49: 191-197, 2002 192 pensions of powder compounds (tablets were previously powdered in a mortar) were prepared in distilled water or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma Chemical). The resulting stocks, or commercially purchased solutions, were diluted in physiological phosphatebuffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) or 0.2 µm-filtered seawater (salinity 28 ‰) to the final concentrations used in the screening (see following subsection). Tests performed in filtered seawater allow automatic exclusion of the possibility of partial or total inactivation of the test substance under marine conditions. A substance found to be effective in vitro by this procedure can thus be expected to be effective in bath administration to infected fish. Determination of lethal activity. Ciliates in the late exponential phase or early plateau phase of culture were concentrated by centrifugation at 650 × g for 5 min and then resuspended in PBS or filtered seawater. After counting in a haemocytometer, 10 µl of ciliate suspension containing 10 4 ciliates were added to each well of 96-well microtitre polystyrene plates containing 90µl well -1 of the candidate antiprotozoal at the required dose in PBS or filtered seawater. Final doses tested were: (1) 250, 125, 62, 31, 16, 8.4, and 2 ppm for formalin, and (2) 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1, 1.5 and 0.8 ppm for the remaining test substances. Each determination was performed in duplicate. Wells containing ciliates in assay solution (PBS or filtered seawater) without chemicals were also assayed as negative controls. To rule out possible effects of the solvent in DMSO-dissolved compounds, duplicate wells with PBS or filtered seawater containing the highest concentration of DMSO used (up to 2.5%) were also included. Pl...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Iglesias¹,

Paramá²,

Álvarez³

et al. 2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Recently, increased research activities have been demonstrated on the utilization of plant extracts to treat parasitic diseases in animals, including fish (Madsen et al 2000;Paolini et al 2003;Zahir et al 2009;Wang et al 2009Wang et al , 2010. Buchmann et al (2003) reported raw extracts from garlic (Allium sativum) were used to treat I. multifiliis infestation by killing theronts and tomonts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

et al. 2012

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Abstracts Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important fish ectoparasite that often results in significant economic losses to freshwater aquaculture. The search of alternative substances to control infections of I. multifiliis became stringent after malachite green, an effective and widely used chemotherapeutant, is banned on fish farms because of its carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens, which is readily available and affordable, were evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results in the in vitro conditions showed that the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T -V SS , the volume of stock solution; V T , the volume of total solution) of 1:32 and 1:64 led to more than 70 % mortality of I. multifiliis theronts during 4 h of exposure and significantly reduced the survival of the tomonts and the total number of theronts released by the tomonts within 22 h (P<0.05). A 96-h bioassay was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of C. frutescens to goldfish. No visible effect was observed in the treatments with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens with the ratios (V SS /V T ) of 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128, while in the other treatments, the erratic behaviour of fish was noted. In addition, in vitro tests demonstrated that the aqueous extract of C.frutescens had an adverse effect on I. multifiliis trophonts in situ. Fish treated with the aqueous extracts of C. frutescens in ratios V SS /V T of 1:32 and 1:64 carried significantly fewer parasites than the control and the other treatments (P<0.05). These results suggest, therefore, that aqueous extracts of C. frutescens have potential for the control of ichthyophthiriasis in the aquaculture industry, though further phytochemical studies will need to be performed for isolation and identification of the active compounds.

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“…(Tojo & Santamarina 1998b), Icthyobodo necator (Tojo et al 1994a, Tojo & Santamarina 1998c, Microcotyle sebastis (Kim & Choi 1998), Pseudodctylogyrus spp. (Buchmann et al 1992 and Trichodina jadranica (Madsen et al 2000) have all examined bithionol and, in some cases, bithionol sulphoxide in vitro and in vivo as bath and oral treatments. When examining theses studies, bithionol exhibited variable toxicity depending upon the parasite species being tested; however, in general it was reported to be effective in vitro and in vivo, as both bath and oral treatments reduced parasite loads dramatically.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tojo et al (1994b) stated that bithionol was efficacious in vivo against Ichthyobodo necator in rainbow trout at 25 mg l -1 for a 3 h freshwater bath on 2 consecutive days; however, higher concentrations exhibited some host toxicity. Moreover, Madsen et al (2000) determined that bithionol at 0.1 mg l -1 was an effective treatment against trichodiniasis in European eels Anguilla anguilla, but found bithionol to have a relatively narrow therapeutic index. Bithionol was identified as being a potential candidate for the control of neoparmoebiasis with a demonstrated toxicity in vitro, although only 2 concentrations were tested .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro toxicity of bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide to Neoparamoeba spp., the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD)

Florent¹,

Becker²,

Powell³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide to Neoparamoeba spp., the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). The current treatment for AGD-affected Atlantic salmon involves bathing sea-caged fish in freshwater for a minimum of 3 h, a labour-intensive and costly exercise. Previous attempts to identify alternative treatments have suggested bithionol as an alternate therapeutic, but extensive in vitro efficacy testing has not yet been done. In vitro toxicity to Neoparamoeba spp. was examined using amoebae isolated from the gill of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon and exposing the parasites to freshwater, alumina (10 mg l -1 ), seawater, bithionol or bithionol sulphoxide at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg l -1 in seawater. The numbers of viable amoebae were counted using the trypan blue exclusion method at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. Both bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide demonstrated in vitro toxicity to Neoparamoeba spp. at all concentrations examined (0.1 to 10 mg l -1 over 72 h), with a comparable toxicity to freshwater observed for both chemicals at concentrations > 5 mg l -1 following a 72 h treatment. Freshwater remained the most effective treatment, with only 6% viable amoebae seen after 24 h and no viable amoebae observed after 48 h. KEY WORDS: Amoebic gill disease · AGD · Bithionol · In vitro · Toxicity · Neoparamoeba spp. · Atlantic salmon · Chemotherapy · Protozoan parasite Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 91: [257][258][259][260][261][262] 2010 ural rumen fluke infection in cattle and tapeworm infections in cats, dogs, sheep and chickens (Prasittirat et al. 1997).Both bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide have been examined as treatments for numerous fish parasites and showed mixed results. Santamarina et al. (1991) observed limited toxicity and complete in vitro efficacy against Gyrodactylus sp. in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at 12.5 mg l -1 , with a minimum 20 mg l -1 reported as efficacious in vivo. Tojo et al. (1994b) stated that bithionol was efficacious in vivo against Ichthyobodo necator in rainbow trout at 25 mg l -1 for a 3 h freshwater bath on 2 consecutive days; however, higher concentrations exhibited some host toxicity. Moreover, Madsen et al. (2000) determined that bithionol at 0.1 mg l -1 was an effective treatment against trichodiniasis in European eels Anguilla anguilla, but found bithionol to have a relatively narrow therapeutic index. Bithionol was identified as being a potential candidate for the control of neoparmoebiasis with a demonstrated toxicity in vitro, although only 2 concentrations were tested . More recently, bithionol has displayed efficacy as a bath and oral treatment for Atlantic salmon experimentally challenged with Neoparamoeba spp., resulting in amoebic gill disease (AGD), at arbitary concentrations and dosages of 1 to 10 mg l -1 for bath treatments and 25 mg kg -1 feed (Florent et al. 2007a(Florent et al. ,...

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Treatment of trichodiniasis in eel (Anguilla anguilla) reared in recirculation systems in Denmark: alternatives to formaldehyde

Cited by 69 publications

References 3 publications

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Effects of aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) against the fish ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

In vitro toxicity of bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide to Neoparamoeba spp., the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD)

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