Treatment Options for End Stage Renal Disease

Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment on C-Reactive Protein Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

“…7 CKD is characterized by a progressive and irreversible failure in renal function which is associated with a reduced glomerular filtration rate. 8 It has high morbidity and mortality. For example, the mortality rate of chronic dialysis patients in the United States is reported to be 24% per year.…”

“…7 The treatments of CKD include diet modification, recognition and treatment of systemic complications, dialysis, and finally, kidney transplantation. 2,8 Nowadays renal replacement therapies have improved the survival rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, so the number of the patients seeking renal replacement therapy as well as dental treatments has increased. Both chronic renal disease and renal replacement therapy that includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation can affect periodontal tissue.…”

Extent and severity of chronic periodontitis in chronic kidney disease patients

“…The treatment of CKD includes dietary changes, correction of systemic complications, and dialysis or renal graft receipt. In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the peritoneal membrane acts as a filter, whereas in hemodialysis (HD), the membrane is within the dialysis machine (6,7). Studies about the oral health of CKD patients have assessed the presence of dental plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and probing pocket depth (8–13).…”

“…Conclusion: Predialysis and HD are associated with a higher prevalence of severe periodontitis compared with healthy individuals and CAPD patients. peritoneal membrane acts as a filter, whereas in hemodialysis (HD), the membrane is within the dialysis machine (6,7). Studies about the oral health of CKD patients have assessed the presence of dental plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding and probing pocket depth (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

The cytoskeleton as a novel target for treatment of renal fibrosis

“…CKD is defined as a decreased glomerular filtration rate and CKD is staged according the patient's estimated glomerular filtration rate, evidence of structural abnormalities in the kidney, and presence of these deficits for greater than three months . CKD may progress to endstage renal disease (ESRD), which is defined as a GFR of 15 ml/min or lower; this necessitates renal replacement therapy, either dialysis or transplantation (Crawford and Lerma, 2008).…”