This chapter summarizes recent progresses on anaerobic membrane bioreactors' (AnMBR) technology and its applications. The historical and technological background of the AnMBR are first discussed followed by development of the process, configurations, type of membrane and performance in the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters, as well as solid wastes. Information related to the pilot experiment and full-scale application of AnMBRs is also provided with emphasis on the experience developed in Japan.