Treatment with chloroquine is retinotoxic in captive African penguins (Speniscus demersus). Attenuation and recovery of electroretinographic responses

Abstract

Purpose To evaluate the effect of prophylactic anti‐malarial chloroquine treatment, and its cessation, on electroretinographic (ERG) responses of captive African penguins. Methods A brief ERG protocol (“QuickRetCheck”) was recorded under mesopic conditions with manual restraint and no sedation or pupil dilation. Birds were recorded on two separate occasions, first while being treated with a daily chloroquine dose of 10 mg/kg for 12 days (n = 15, treatment group) and second after 4 months without chloroquine treatment (n = 6, off‐treatment group). Three birds were recorded on both occasions. Three other birds from the flock that died were studied histopathologically. Results Scotopic responses were unmeasurable in either recording and therefore were not analyzed. Mean a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes of the mixed rod‐cone responses to standard (3 cd·s/m2) and high (10 cd·s/m2) intensity flashes were higher in the off‐treatment group. No difference in implicit times was observed. Sex, age, and number of previous chloroquine treatments did not affect ERG responses. Histopathology revealed Plasmodium spp.in the lungs, liver, and brain, but not in the eyes, of the necropsied birds, and there were no signs of retinitis or retinopathy. Conclusions Daily chloroquine treatment was associated with attenuated ERG responses in penguins, which improve following cessation of treatment. Further work is warranted to establish a chloroquine dose that is efficacious yet has minimal adverse effects. Our results suggest that ERG responses of captive penguins undergoing ERG for any indication (such as prior to cataract surgery), must be evaluated in light of the birds' anti‐malaria treatment status.

Tolerability of Atovaquone—Proguanil Application in Common Buzzard Nestlings

“…To treat Plasmodium infections in avian species, the application of chloroquine and primaquine or combination therapies are routinely proposed, although reports about liver toxicity and even death as a result of this treatment in birds exist [6,7]. Besides selecting for resistance, these substances can have substantial side effects in humans as well as in other mammals and birds [8][9][10][11], invoking the need for taxon-specific analyses of drug safety [12]. The synergistic combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone ® , GlaxoSmithKline GmbH & Co. KG, München, Germany) has shown efficacy against hepatic and erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum with only few and mild adverse effects (e.g., vomiting, diarrhoea, and increases in hepatic transaminases) in adults and children [13].…”