“…During later testing, retrieval of the extinction memory is contingent on presenting the CS in the context in which extinction training occurred; outside this context, renewal of fear is observed. This effect has been repeatedly demonstrated in both rats (Bouton and Bolles, 1979;Bouton and Ricker, 1994;Rauhut et al, 2001) and humans (Mineka et al, 1999;Mystkowski et al, 2002). In keeping with well established roles for the hippocampus in forming representations of contexts (Selden et al, 1991;Kim and Fanselow, 1992;Phillips and LeDoux, 1992;Matus-Amat et al, 2004), and using those representations to guide behavior (Frankland et al, 1998;Fanselow, 2000;Maren and Holt, 2000;Rudy and O'Reilly, 2001), mounting evidence suggests a role for the hippocampus in mediating the context-specific retrieval of fear extinction Maren, 2001, 2004).…”