Tree Farming and Forest Conservation in Chile: Do Replacement Forests Leave Any Originals Behind?

Clapp, Roger Alex

doi:10.1080/08941920119176

Cited by 47 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…By the end of the 20th century, the conversion of natural forests to industrial pine and eucalyptus plantations had become the primary cause of Chilean deforestation (29,30). Efforts to improve management of natural forests through traditional government policies were often halted.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of nonstate, market-driven governance on Chilean forests

Heilmayr

Lambin

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Global markets for agricultural products, timber, and minerals are critically important drivers of deforestation. The supply chains driving land use change may also provide opportunities to halt deforestation. Market campaigns, moratoria, and certification schemes have been promoted as powerful tools to achieve conservation goals. Despite their promise, there have been few opportunities to rigorously quantify the ability of these nonstate, market-driven (NSMD) governance regimes to deliver conservation outcomes. This study analyzes the impacts of three NSMD governance systems that sought to end the conversion of natural forests to plantations in Chile at the start of the 21st century. Using a multilevel, panel dataset of land use changes in Chile, we identify the impact of participation within each of the governance regimes by implementing a series of matched difference-in-differences analyses. Taking advantage of the mosaic of different NSMD regimes adopted in Chile, we explore the relative effectiveness of different policies. NSMD governance regimes reduced deforestation on participating properties by 2-23%. The NSMD governance regimes we studied included collaborative and confrontational strategies between environmental and industry stakeholders. We find that the more collaborative governance systems studied achieved better environmental performance than more confrontational approaches. Whereas many government conservation programs have targeted regions with little likelihood of conversion, we demonstrate that NSMD governance has the potential to alter behavior on high-deforestation properties.deforestation | timber | certification | program evaluation | supply chains

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of nonstate, market-driven governance on Chilean forests

Heilmayr

Lambin

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Yet, Chile's exotic tree plantations have largely expanded at the expense of native temperate forests and their high biodiversity over the past decades [89,121]. Moreover, while Chile's plantations have succeeded in capturing the domestic markets for construction lumber, pulp and paper, and mass-market furniture, they did not relieve the pressure for the exploitation of natural forests [97]. Thus, contrarily to Costa Rica, the key challenge in Chile has not been the establishment and management of forest plantations for wood production, but rather the protection of the ecologically valuable but economically marginal natural forests [122].…”

Section: Sustainability Of Domestic Wood Production At Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two of the most important prerequisites highlighted in the literature [25,97] to achieve this objective were not completely met in Costa Rica. First, logging was not the main cause of deforestation, but instead it was agriculture.…”

Section: Use Of Plantations For Pallet Production: Competition With Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the lower price of Chilean wood compared to Costa Rican wood suitable for pallets production [119], it has become increasingly interesting to import wood from Chile rather than invest in new plantations in Costa Rica. With its highly advanced plantation industry mainly based on the high-yielding Pinus radiata species, Chile presents a comparative advantage for wood production against Costa Rica [70,97,120]. Yet, Chile's exotic tree plantations have largely expanded at the expense of native temperate forests and their high biodiversity over the past decades [89,121].…”

Section: Sustainability Of Domestic Wood Production At Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unexpected Interactions between Agricultural and Forest Sectors through International Trade: Wood Pallets and Agricultural Exports in Costa Rica

Jadin

Meyfroidt

Pereira

et al. 2016

Land

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International market forces have played an increasingly important role in shaping land use dynamics through complex supply chains. In Costa Rica, the shift from a net loss to a net gain in forest cover was facilitated by forest plantations and the replacement of extensive cropland and pastures by export-oriented, high-yielding crops. However, agricultural intensification generated several feedbacks affecting forests. We analyzed the interactions between Costa Rica's agricultural and forestry sectors associated with the use of wood pallets for commodity exports over 1985-2013. Wood pallets for growing agricultural exports created a demand for domestic tree plantations. The annual land demand for tree plantations to produce these wood pallets increased by 669%, reaching 17,606 ha in 2013 and representing 28% of the increase in demand for cropland for agricultural exports over 1994-2013. Wood supplied from plantations failed to fully substitute for wood from natural forests, only allowing for a relative substitution and preventing a major sparing of these forests. The dominant use of wood from plantations for production of low-value pallets de-incentivized investments in sustainable plantations. We showed that, beyond the typical interactions between agriculture and forestry through direct competition for land, international trade generated unexpected feedback where agricultural activities and supply chains affected forestry by triggering new demand and profound changes in forestry management. Land systems behave as complex systems, calling for integrated approaches to study the outcomes of forest conservation, reforestation programs, and development of land-based businesses.

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“…Although these intensively managed plantations are considered among the most economically successful forest systems of the world (Clapp 2001), there is a growing evidence that the pine plantations of Central Chile support an important number of wildlife species (Estades and Escobar 2005;Saavedra and Simonetti 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reptiles in Monterey pine plantations of the Coastal Range of Central Chile

Uribe

Estades

2014

Rev. Chil. de Hist. Nat.

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Background: In Chile, most of the timber industry depends on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata (D. Don.)) plantations, which now cover more than 1.5 million ha. In spite of the intensive management of these plantations, they are home to a large number of wildlife species. One of the least known groups in this type of environment are reptiles. For this reason, we conducted a study on the distribution and abundance of reptiles at plantations of different ages in seven sites in the Coastal Range of Central Chile.Results: From seven species that could be potentially found in the study region, a total of five species were recorded, with Liolaemus lemniscatus (Gravenhorst) being the most abundant (with up to 160 ind*ha −1 ). Detectability of species was similar in young and mature plantations but Liolaemus tenuis (Duméril and Bibron), the most colorful species, showed a higher detection probability than the other species. The highest abundance of reptiles was found in young plantations, and the density of L. lemniscatus and Liolaemus chiliensis (Lesson) declined significantly with plantation development. Liolaemus schroederi (Müller and Hellmich) increased significantly its numbers in 4-to 5-year-old plantations and remained with similar densities in mature plantations. L. tenuis density was low in all plantations and showed no relationship with age. The snake Philodryas chamissonis (Wiegmann) was recorded very few times and only in young plantations. Vegetation characteristics explained a significant proportion of the variation in the abundance of reptiles, with dense understories negatively affecting the abundance of lizards, likely by reducing the amount of heat and sunlight reaching the plantation's interior. The type of microhabitats with the highest number of lizard records was scrub and harvest debris.Conclusions: This work confirms the role of pine plantations as habitat for an important proportion of reptile species in South Central Chile and provides some relationships with management variables that can be used to enhance the contribution of these artificial forests to biodiversity conservation.

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Tree Farming and Forest Conservation in Chile: Do Replacement Forests Leave Any Originals Behind?

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

Impacts of nonstate, market-driven governance on Chilean forests

Impacts of nonstate, market-driven governance on Chilean forests

Unexpected Interactions between Agricultural and Forest Sectors through International Trade: Wood Pallets and Agricultural Exports in Costa Rica

Reptiles in Monterey pine plantations of the Coastal Range of Central Chile

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