Trehalose levels and trehalase activity in germinated and ungerminated spores of Nosema algerae (Microspora: Nosematidae)

Undeen, Albert H.; ElGazzar, Laila M.; Meer, Robert Κ. Vander; Narang, S. K.

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(87)90087-5

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Trehalose is the predominant carbohydrate in microsporidian spores (Wood et al, 1970;Undeen et al, 1987;Undeen and Vander Meer, 1999) and is accumulated during the maturation of the spores (Undeen and Solter, 1997). It seems to play an important role in spore germination of studied aquatic microsporidia (Undeen and Vander Meer, 1999), while in terrestrial species, it may function as energy storage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alterations in carbohydrate and fatty acid levels of Lymantria dispar larvae caused by a microsporidian infection and potential adverse effects on a co‐occurring endoparasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis

Hoch¹,

Schafellner²,

Henn

et al. 2002

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Infection of Lymantria dispar host larvae by the entomopathogenic microsporidium Vairimorpha sp. has a negative impact on the performance of the endoparasitic braconid Glyptapanteles liparidis. To investigate possible causes for this effect, we studied to what extent nutritional host suitability is altered by the microsporidium. Therefore, we analyzed carbohydrates and fatty acids in host larvae after Vairimorpha infection and/or parasitism by G. liparidis. Trehalose levels were significantly reduced in the hemolymph of infected hosts. After day five post infection, it was detected only in traces. Four to six days later, the glycogen resources were depleted in infected larvae. Parasitism by G. liparidis, on the other hand, led to increased hemolymph trehalose levels during the early endoparasitic phase but to a significant decrease at the end of its larval development. No effect of parasitism on the glycogen content was ascertained. Hemolymph levels of the fatty acids analyzed, such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, were significantly reduced in microsporidia-infected L. dispar. Vairimorpha sp. develops as an intracellular parasite in the fat body of the host larva and synthesis of trehalose and fatty acids may be disturbed. Moreover, microsporidia may also harness metabolites or energy produced by host cells. We conclude that the microsporidia-induced decrease in hemolymph carbohydrates and fatty acids adversely affects growth and development of parasitoid larvae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trehalose, together with sorbitol, is the carbohydrate most commonly found in spores (Wood et al, 1970;Undeen et al, 1987;Undeen and Vander Meer, 1999). The intracellular life stages as well as spores of microsporidia lack mitochondria and granules for nutrient storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in carbohydrate and fatty acid levels of Lymantria dispar larvae caused by a microsporidian infection and potential adverse effects on a co‐occurring endoparasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis

Hoch¹,

Schafellner²,

Henn

et al. 2002

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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“…In this respect, P. grylli seems to be close to terrestrial microsporidia from clade IV. Interestingly, the activity of the P. grylli trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme (␣,␣-trehalase) has an acid pH optimum (7), as was found for aquatic microsporidium A. algerae from clade V (28). At the same time, the pH optimum of homologous enzyme from terrestrial parasite N. apis (clade IV) is neutral (30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Immunolocalization of an Alternative Respiratory Chain in Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae Spores: Mitosomes Retain Their Role in Microsporidial Energy Metabolism

et al. 2011

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Microsporidia are a group of fungus-related intracellular parasites with severely reduced metabolic machinery. They lack canonical mitochondria, a Krebs cycle, and a respiratory chain but possess genes encoding glycolysis enzymes, a glycerol phosphate shuttle, and ATP/ADP carriers to import host ATP. The recent finding of alternative oxidase genes in two clades suggests that microsporidial mitosomes may retain an alternative respiratory pathway. We expressed the fragments of mitochondrial chaperone Hsp70 (mitHsp70), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mitG3PDH), and alternative oxidase (AOX) from the microsporidium Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae in Escherichia coli. Immunoblotting with antibodies against recombinant polypeptides demonstrated specific accumulation of both metabolic enzymes in A. locustae spores. At the same time comparable amounts of mitochondrial Hsp70 were found in spores and in stages of intracellular development as well. Immunoelectron microscopy of ultrathin cryosections of spores confirmed mitosomal localization of the studied proteins. Small amounts of enzymes of an alternative respiratory chain in merogonial and early sporogonial stages, alongside their accumulation in mature spores, suggest conspicuous changes in components and functions of mitosomes during the life cycle of microsporidia and the important role of these organelles in parasite energy metabolism, at least at the final stages of sporogenesis.

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“…Conditions that promote spore discharge include pH shifts, dehydration followed by rehydration, various cations and anions, mucin or polyanions, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet irradiation, and calcium flux (75). In response to their particular activation signal, microsporidia have an increase in intrasporal osmotic pressure resulting in an influx of water into the spore that is accompanied by swelling of the polaroplasts and posterior vacuole prior to spore discharge (76, 77). In A.…”

Section: Morphology and Life Cyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

2017

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens related to Fungi. These organisms have a unique invasion organelle, the polar tube, which upon appropriate environmental stimulation rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a host cell’s membrane, and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the host cell. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the Fungi, being either a basal branch or sister group. Despite the description of microsporidia over 150 years ago, we still lack an understanding of the mechanism of invasion, including the role of various polar tube proteins, spore wall proteins, and host cell proteins in the formation and function of the invasion synapse. Recent advances in ultrastructural techniques are helping to better define the formation and functioning of the invasion synapse. Over the past 2 decades, proteomic approaches have helped define polar tube proteins and spore wall proteins as well as the importance of posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation in the functioning of these proteins, but the absence of genetic techniques for the manipulation of microsporidia has hampered research on the function of these various proteins. The study of the mechanism of invasion should provide fundamental insights into the biology of these ubiquitous intracellular pathogens that can be integrated into studies aimed at treating or controlling microsporidiosis.

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Trehalose levels and trehalase activity in germinated and ungerminated spores of Nosema algerae (Microspora: Nosematidae)

Cited by 29 publications

References 11 publications

Alterations in carbohydrate and fatty acid levels of Lymantria dispar larvae caused by a microsporidian infection and potential adverse effects on a co‐occurring endoparasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis

Alterations in carbohydrate and fatty acid levels of Lymantria dispar larvae caused by a microsporidian infection and potential adverse effects on a co‐occurring endoparasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis

Immunolocalization of an Alternative Respiratory Chain in Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae Spores: Mitosomes Retain Their Role in Microsporidial Energy Metabolism

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

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