Trend analysis of hydrological parameters of Ganga River

Abstract

Ganga River basin, being the largest river basin in India, adheres with its social and spiritual importance for the country. Although many studies have been conducted on the Ganga basin, however, trend observed in flow and sediment yield in Ganga River has been scarcely studied. Alteration in flow pattern and sediment transport in rivers brings remarkable impact on river geomorphology and entire ecosystem of the region. The present paper attempts to identify trends observed in Ganga River in terms of annual maximum and annual minimum discharges, water and sediment yield during monsoon season. The trend analysis was accomplished by performing the Mann-Kendall (M-K), Sen's slope, and innovative trend analysis at various gauging sites along the river for the monsoon months. Significance of trend tests were tested at 5% significance level. Innovative trend analysis (ITA) revealed non-monotonicity within the time series and provided more detailed understanding of changes in hydrological changes. While observed annual maximum discharge showed a negative trend at almost all the sites, annual minimum discharge showed positive trend at gauging sites upstream of confluence of Yamuna River. Data of discharge and sediment load for monsoon months also revealed declining trends at most of the gauging sites. Water and sediment yields at all sites except Gandhighat showed a negative trend. Decline in trend of sediment and water yield is more pronounced in Western Ganga Plain (WGP) as compared to Eastern Ganga Plain (EGP). Incorporating these trends can be helpful for various water management projects in the future. Both climatic factors and human intervention appear to be responsible for the alteration in flow pattern of Ganga River.

Channel morphodynamics and sediment budget of the Lower Ganga River using a hydrogeomorphological approach

“…The Bihar plains, Bihar plateau, Sub‐Himalayan region of west Bengal, and Gangetic west Bengal receive 1033, 1107, 2000, and 1150 mm of annual rainfall, respectively (Guhathakurta & Rajeevan, 2008; Parthasarathy, 1984). The monsoon typically arrives in mid‐June in the plains and extends till September, contributing over 85% of the annual rainfall (Sinha, 1998; Aryal et al, 2018; Zakwan & Ahmad, 2021). During summer, the Ganga is fed by snowmelt and base flow, and in the monsoon period, it is fed by rainfall, which makes it perennial.…”

Trend analysis of hydro-meteorological parameters in the Jhelum River basin, North Western Himalayas

“…The trend analysis of precipitation from the last many decades at various Spatio-temporal scales has been a major issue (Shafiq et al 2016), in addition, the analysis can be useful for solving different uncertainties in data (Sing and Sontakke 1999). Numerous studies have been carried out to detect a trend in hydro-meteorological data sets throughout the globe (Douglas et al 2000;Wu et al 2008;Kumar et al 2009;Yin et al 2010;Khattak et al 2011;Shadmani et al 2012;Tekleab et al 2013;Bezak et al 2014;Darand et al 2015;Cheo 2016;Belihu et al 2017;Nikzad Tehrani et al 2018;Zakwan et al 2018;Chandole et al 2019, Zakwan andAhmad 2021). The aforesaid studies provide a sustainable solution to the various problems in agriculture, irrigation, and river basin management (Burgueno et al 2004;Rasool et al 2016).…”

Sea surface temperature trend analysis by Mann-Kendall test and sen’s slope estimator: a study of the Hai Phong coastal area (Vietnam) for the period 1995-2020

“…Several approaches are available for the assessment of the trends. Among them, the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test (Mann, 1945;Kendall, 1975), the Sen's slope estimator (Sen, 1968), and the Şen's Iterative trend analysis (Şen, 2012) are most widely used for hydrological trend analysis (Zakwan and Ahmad, 2021;Ali et al, 2019;Güçlü, 2018, Tosunoglu andKisi, 2017), water quality (Hirsch et al, 1982;Hirsch and Slack, 1984;Burn et al, 2012), temperature and precipitation (Sang et al, 2014;Wang S. et al, 2019), and sea-level rise (Wahl et al, 2011;Chandler and Scott, 2011;Ca, 2017;Ozgenc Aksoy, 2017). The MK test is usually used to detect an increasing or decreasing trend in a series of hydrological, climatic, or environmental data.…”