Trend of Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation and ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Given the fact that galectin-3 has a predictive significance on the development of myocardial dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction, the aim of our study was to examine potential factors that could be important for the dynamics of the concentration of this biomarker in the early postinfarction period. Materials and Methods: This study included 89 patients with a diagnosis of stable angina pectoris (SAP) or the first non-STelevation (NSTEMI) or ST-elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study group included 23 patients with the first NSTEMI and 42 patients with STEMI, while the control group consisted of 24 patients with SAP hospitalized for elective PCI without a previous MI. All patients had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Galectin-3 levels were determined on days 1, 5, and 30 after PCI. The significance of various independent variables as predictors of galectin-3 concentration was analyzed after a series of univariate linear regression modeling in a multivariate linear regression model. Results: The average patients` age was 63.99 ± 9.13 years. Statistically significantly higher values of C-reactive protein were established in STEMI compared to SAP (p < 0.01) or NSTEMI (p < 0.001), whereas WBC count was significantly lower in SAP than in STEMI (p < 0.001) and NSTEMI (p < 0.01) group. Although there were no statistically significant differences in measured galectin-3 concentrations between the examined groups on days 1, 5, and 30 after PCI, HTA, triglyceride level, LA size, treatment with trimetazidine and long-acting nitrates, as well as percentage of LM stenosis and E/A ratio were identified as independent predictors of galectin-3 concentration. Conclusions: In the post-MI period, very early values of galectin-3 correlate mostly with atherosclerosis factors, while on day 30 this biomarker correlates with diastolic dysfunction and “announces” left ventricular remodeling.

Prognostic Implications of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

“…8 Furthermore, previous studies showed limited prognostic value of CK-MB or galectin-3 in NSTEMI patients. 6,10 NT-proBNP has been established as a reliable biomarker for predicting prognosis in various heart diseases, especially CHF. 11,12 However, only a few studies have investigated the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with NSTEMI.…”

“…[5][6][7] Although previous studies evaluated novel biomarkers associated with the prognosis of NSTEMI patients, the clinical utility of these biomarkers has not been fully validated as yet. [8][9][10] N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a prohormone secreted by ventricular myocytes in response to myocardial stress and ventricular stretching, has been recognized as a promising biomarker for various cardiovascular diseases, including congestive heart failure (CHF), valvular heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, and cardiomyopathies. 11- 16 Although there have been few studies presenting the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in patients with NSTEMI, 17,18 clinical evidence of NT-proBNP in NSTEMI patients who underwent PCI is still limited due to small sample sizes and limited follow-up durations of previous studies.…”

Novel Biomarkers and Their Role in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome

“…Another study observed no differences in galectin levels between STEMI and NSTEMI at baseline; however, a positive correlation with hyperlipidemia and carotid atherosclerosis was observed, and during follow-up only patients who did not have a subsequent MI, PCI, CABG, or stroke had a decline in galectin-3 [83]. Finally, galectin couldn't differentiate between stable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI in a group of patients; however, in an early stage (1-5 days), it was correlated with atherosclerotic factors (hypertension history and triglycerides), and on the 30-day follow-up, galectin-3 was predictive of diastolic dysfunction and LV remodeling [84].…”

The Role of Galectin-3 in Predicting Congenital Heart Disease Outcome: A Review of the Literature

“…This association between Gal-3 and diminished LVEF was further strengthened by changes seen on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in subjects who suffered from myocardial infarction [ 40 , 41 ]. These changes often became obvious 30 days post-myocardial infarction, in correlation with diastolic dysfunction progression [ 42 ]. It is thought worth mentioning that impaired parietal kinetics has also been significantly associated with mid-range ejection fraction in heart failure patients [ 43 ].…”