“…PBF, including selective laser sintering (SLS), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM) processes, and DED processes have been widely applied to academic researches, commercialized systems and industrial applications [1-4, 6, 24, 28, 32-34, 39-46]. The deposition rate and the volume density of the DED processes are greater than those of the PBF process, while the layer thickness, the surface roughness and the minimum feature size of the fabricated part by the PBF processes are relatively smaller than those by the DED process [4,24,40,42,[44][45][46][47][48]. The DED processes can create an arbitrary shape on even and uneven substrates through line-by-line deposition of a metallic material, unlike the PBF processes [32,49,50].…”