“…Applying the selection criteria, 16 articles were ultimately chosen for comprehensive examination, representing the primary focus of this article. These articles were categorized as follows: consensus 15 , hands-on OPS courses 16 , simulators 17 , 18 , 26 , porcine models 19 , or practical courses in humans/cadaver labs 20 , 21 , fellows in OPS 22 , 23 , 27 , 28 , medical residency 29 , 30 , learning curve 31 , and limitations and perspectives 32 .…”