“…The rise in violence in the United States in the 1980s is associated with the appearance of cocaine in the drug market and the decline observed in the 1990s is associated with stricter gun laws, economic development, and policing (Blumstein et al, 2000). Although similar trends were observed in Australia during the same period, most homicides were associated with interpersonal violence (Mukherjee, 2002). Similarly to the United States, the increase and spread of homicides in Brazil in the 2000s is commonly attributed to demography and criminal organizations (Cerqueira et al, 2019;Waiselfisz, 2011).…”