Trends and risk factors of stillbirth among women of reproductive age in Pakistan: A multivariate decomposition analysis

Abstract

BackgroundEvery year, 2 million babies are stillborn in the world. Globally, there has been a decline in the stillbirth rate of 2%. Despite advancements in prenatal care and the implementation of new medical technologies, the incidence of early stillbirths remains unchanged. A slight decrease in the rate of late-term stillbirth has been observed. Pakistan ranked third in South Asia for having the highest stillbirth rate. Compared to its neighbors and other developing nations, Pakistan has shown a lack of progress in reducing maternal and neonatal fatalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use a multivariate decomposition analysis to examine the trends and factors that have contributed to the change in the stillbirth rate over time.MethodsTo conduct this study, we used a secondary data analysis approach and analyzed data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) of 2012–2013 and 2017–2018). For the analysis, a total sample of 15,068 births in 2017–2018 and 13,558 births in the PDHS from 2012 to 2013 were taken into account. Using the MVDCMP function within STATA version 15 statistical software, a logit-based multivariate decomposition model was fitted to determine the variables that influence the change in stillbirth. The current study used two cross-sectional surveys to identify important risk factors for stillbirths.ResultsOver the past 5 years, Pakistan's stillbirth rate has risen from 3.98 to 5.75%. According to the total multivariate decomposition analysis, the change in coefficient (change in the effect of attributes) accounted for 81.17% of the overall change in the proportion of stillbirths. In contrast, the change in endowment was not statistically significant. Changes in maternal education, individual and community-level wealth status, and mode of delivery all significantly impacted the rate of stillbirths over time.ConclusionStillbirths increased in Pakistan from 2012 to 2017. Stillbirths are observed more frequently for women residing in Punjab, Sindh, and rural areas. A major concern that is directly related to the prevalence of stillbirths in Pakistan is the lack of accessible, affordable, and high-quality maternal healthcare facilities. Older, overweight, and uneducated women are more likely to have stillbirths than women who deliver vaginally. High parity and short birth intervals also accelerated the rate of stillbirths. An effective remedy to control stillbirths is the provision of accessible and affordable healthcare services. Awareness campaigns for the health education of pregnant women should focus on raising awareness to support better pregnancy outcomes for poor women living in communities with higher education levels. The risk of stillbirth can be reduced by offering free diagnostics for early detection of birth complications in low-resource settings and referring these cases to knowledgeable gynecologists for safe delivery.

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Fear of Pregnancy Scale: a translation and validation study

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Uncovering the causes and socio-demographic constructs of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in an urban slum of Karachi

“…Pakistan remains among the top ten countries with highest stillbirth and neonatal death rates. According to the latest available data, the stillbirth rate in Pakistan is estimated to be approximately 43 per 1,000 births, that is, approximately 1 in 23 pregnancies in Pakistan resulted in stillbirth [11,12]. In terms of neonatal mortality, Pakistan has made some progress in recent years but still faces considerable challenges.…”