Trends in adult chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence, incidence and urethral discharge case reporting in Mongolia from 1995 to 2016 – estimates using the Spectrum-STI model

Badrakh, Jugderjav; Zayasaikhan, Setsen; Jagdagsuren, Davaalkham; Enkhbat, Erdenetungalag; Jadambaa, Narantuya; Munkhbaatar, Sergelen; Taylor, Melanie; Rowley, J; Mahiané, Guy; Korenromp, Eline L.

doi:10.5365/wpsar.2017.8.2.007

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, their de nition of infertility as 5 years or more of failure to conceive was not the same as our de nition of infertility, which was 12 months of failed conception. Both Mongolia and the Sub-Saharan region had a high rate of gonorrhea and chlamydia [11,12], which are risk factors for secondary infertility and could explain the similar results of the two studies.…”

Section: Clinical Consultations For Infertile Couplesmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Prevalence and Risk factors of Infertility in a Mongolian Population

Negdel

Ulziisaikhan

Sengebaljir

et al. 2020

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Background: Worldwide, the median prevalence of infertility is 9%, but rates in different countries vary from 3.5% to 16.7%. Infertility, which is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the failure to conceive after 12 months of unprotected regular sexual intercourse, is not considered a medical condition but carries a social stigma and can greatly impact a couple’s self-esteem and wellbeing. There are a number of risk factors associated with infertility such as: genetic background, age, socio-economic factors, and health care including treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. We have achieved the first population-based study on the prevalence of infertility in reproductive aged women in Mongolia, and the factors that influence it.Method: We conducted a population-based, cross sectional study in 4 regions of Mongolia and the capital city, Ulaanbaatar: East, West, Central Khangai, Central, and Ulaanbaatar. Our questionnaire consisted of categories that influenced infertility such as: socio-economic status, lifestyle factors, health, reproductive history, present status and sexual function. Trained staff conducted face-to-face interviews with the participants.Results: A total of 1,920 couples residing in 4 regions of Mongolia and the capital city, Ulaanbaatar were studied. The median prevalence rate was 7.2%, which is similar to the worldwide infertility rate of 9%. Primary and secondary infertility was 2.5% and 5% respectively. Sexual transmitted diseases (STIs) contributed to secondary infertility. Our study showed that the most important risk factors for infertility were rural living and low levels of education. Only 14.8% of infertile patients received hormone therapy, and even fewer infertile patients (0.8%) received in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.Conclusions: Our study shows that two most significant risk factors for infertility were: reliving in rural communities and having a low level of education. Occupational conditions, and monthly household income were not significant risk factors for infertility. Since this is the first population-based study in Mongolia we were not able to measure trends in infertility prevalence but intend to do so in the future.

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Section: Clinical Consultations For Infertile Couplesmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…This can largely be attributed to high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For instance, the rate of gonorrhea among women and men in Mongolia is 3.3% and 2.9% respectively, while chlamydia was 19.5% and 15.6% respectively [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk factors of Infertility in a Mongolian Population

Negdel

Ulziisaikhan

Sengebaljir

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The discrepancy between the case reports and the estimates from both the Spectrum statistical model and transmission dynamic models highlight the need for renewed efforts to improve access to and reporting by health services, and collect independent population-level (non-clinic-based) data for these two infections on a regular basis. STI case reports are a useful piece of information, but as many other middle-income countries [ 17 , 52 , 53 ] have noted are not, on their own, sufficient indicators for monitoring STI progress or impact, or as programmatic goals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa: Estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990-2017

et al. 2018

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ObjectivesTo estimate trends in prevalence and incidence of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia in adult men and women in South Africa.MethodsThe Spectrum-STI tool estimated trends in prevalence and incidence of active syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia, fitting South African prevalence data. Results were used, alongside programmatic surveillance data, to estimate trends in incident gonorrhea cases resistant to first-line treatment, and the reporting gap of symptomatic male gonorrhea and chlamydia cases treated but not reported as cases of urethritis syndrome.ResultsIn 2017 adult (15–49 years) the estimated female and male prevalences for syphilis were 0.50% (95% CI: 0.32–0.80%) and 0.97% (0.19–2.28%), for gonorrhea 6.6% (3.8–10.8%) and 3.5% (1.7–6.1%), and for chlamydia 14.7% (9.9–21%) and 6.0% (3.8–10.4%), respectively. Between 1990 and 2017 the estimated prevalence of syphilis declined steadily in women and men, probably in part reflecting improved treatment coverage. For gonorrhea and chlamydia, estimated prevalence and incidence showed no consistent time trend in either women or men. Despite growing annual numbers of gonorrhea cases − reflecting population growth − the estimated number of first line treatment-resistant gonorrhea cases did not increase between 2008 and 2017, owing to changes in first-line antimicrobial treatment regimens for gonorrhea in 2008 and 2014/5. Case reporting completeness among treated male urethritis syndrome episodes was estimated at 10–28% in 2017.ConclusionSouth Africa continues to suffer a high STI burden. Improvements in access and quality of maternal, STI and HIV health care services likely contributed to the decline in syphilis prevalence. The lack of any decline in gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence highlights the need to enhance STI services beyond clinic-based syndromic case management, to reinvigorate primary STI and HIV prevention and, especially for women, to screen for asymptomatic infections.

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“…[17,18] It was estimated that the incidence of GCTI could reach to 15%-20% in some regions. [19,20] In populations actively screened, the positive rate was as high as 30.2%. [21] In contrast, reports on the prevalence of GCTI in China are limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genital chlamydia trachomatis infection: an underestimated sexually transmitted disease in China

Chen

Gan

Qiu

et al. 2020

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Background Genital chlamydia trachomatis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease globally. The diagnosis and reporting of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection mainly rely on effective laboratory testing available. The prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in China may be largely underestimated, based on the reported data. Methods A survey was conducted among hospitals provided clinical services for STD in Shandong Province in 2018. Basic information on the hospitals, type of laboratory tests provided and cases reported of GCTI were collected and analysed in SPSS 22. Results Among 456 hospitals surveyed, antigen testing, PCR testing, and either antigen or PCR testing were available among 200 (43.9%), 88 (19.3%) and 268 (58.8%) hospitals, respectively. PCR testing was more available among tertiary and secondary hospitals than primary hospitals (X 2 =28.560, P=0.000). Significant differences were observed in the availability of antigen testing, PCR testing, and either antigen or PCR testing among different type of hospitals (X 2 =15.708, P=0.003; X 2 =22.494, P=0.000; X 2 =21.729, P=0.000). In 2018, a total of 1532 cases of GCTI were reported in 99 hospitals. More cases were reported by tertiary and secondary hospitals than primary hospitals (X 2 =24.082, P=0.000). The proportion of different kind of hospitals that reported case of GCTI cases was consistent with that of hospitals provided laboratory testing for GCTI. Conclusion The availability of laboratory testing for GCTI in Shandong province was poor, which may lead to underestimation of prevalence of GCTI. More effort needs to improve the availability of GCTI laboratory testing in order to effectively control of GCTI in Shandong province.

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Trends in adult chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence, incidence and urethral discharge case reporting in Mongolia from 1995 to 2016 – estimates using the Spectrum-STI model

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Prevalence and Risk factors of Infertility in a Mongolian Population

Prevalence and Risk factors of Infertility in a Mongolian Population

Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa: Estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990-2017

Genital chlamydia trachomatis infection: an underestimated sexually transmitted disease in China

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