Trends in ammonia emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in China, 1999–2017

Li, Shengyue; Lang, Jianlei; Zhou, Ying; Liang, Xiaoyu; Peng, Wei

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134359

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Consequently several stringent environmental regulations have been promulgated, which do require an appropriate treatment of gaseous emissions, including ammonia (NH 3 ), considering the respective toxicity and environmental concerns [1][2][3]. Gaseous ammonia is typically emitted from several sources including fertilizer industry [4], wastewater treatment plants [2,5], agricultural practices [6], animal feeding setups [7,8], dairy/poultry industries [9,10], composting facilities [11,12], fishmeal plants [13], gasoline vehicles [14], and from specific chemical industries [15]. Considering the respective toxicity and health concerns, various technologies have been employed for the removal of gaseous ammonia including bio-filters [3,13,16,17], catalytic systems [18] biological treatment [11], scrubbers [5] and other specific technologies such as nano-particles applications [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Gaseous Ammonia Emissions Using Date Palm Pits Based Granular Activated Carbon

Vohra

2020

IJERPH

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The present work investigated the application of granular activated carbon (GAC) derived from date palm pits (DPP) agricultural waste for treating gaseous ammonia. Respective findings indicate increased breakthrough time (run time at which 5% of influent ammonia is exiting with the effluent gas) with a decrease in influent ammonia and increase in GAC bed depth. At a gas flow rate of 1.1 L/min and GAC column length of 8 cm, the following breakthrough trend was noted: 1295 min (2.5 ppmv) > 712 min (5 ppmv) > 532 min (7.5 ppmv). A qualitatively similar trend was also noted for the exhaustion time results (run time at which 95% of influent ammonia is exiting with the effluent gas). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) findings for the produced GAC indicated some salient functional groups at the produced GAC surface including O–H, C–H, C–O, and S=O groups. Ammonia adsorption was suggested to result from its interaction with the respective surface functional groups via different mechanisms. Comparison with a commercial GAC showed the date palm pits based GAC to be having slightly higher breakthrough and exhaustion capacity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Gaseous Ammonia Emissions Using Date Palm Pits Based Granular Activated Carbon

Vohra

2020

IJERPH

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“…Irrespectively from the implementation, proper optimisation of these systems is becoming increasingly important given the progressive increase in NH 3 and N 2 O emissions from both light and heavy-duty engines, as discussed in the 'Results and Effects of Regulation Adoption' Section 4 below, and in the specialised literature [7,53,54]. Recent studies are investigating the effects of combining ASC and DOC functionalities, which is of particular interest for advanced configurations (see the dedicated section) in which two SCR units might be present before and after the DOC/DPF units.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Overview of Lean Exhaust deNOx Aftertreatment Technologies and NOx Emission Regulations in the European Union

et al. 2021

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This paper reviews the recent advances in the management of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from the internal combustion engine of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, addressing both technical and legal aspects. Particular focus is devoted to the often-virtuous interaction between new legislation imposing more restrictions on the permitted pollutant emission levels and new technologies developed in order to meet these restrictions. The review begins first with the American and then European directives promulgated in the 1970s, aimed at limiting emissions of pollutants from road transport vehicles. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of the Euro standards in the European Union for light- and heavy-duty vehicles, used as a legal and time frame reference for the evolution of emission aftertreatment systems (ATSs). The paper also describes governmental approaches implemented for the control of pollutant emissions in circulating vehicles, such as market surveillance and in-service conformity. In parallel, it is explained how the gradual introduction of small-scale devices aimed at the NOx control, such as lean NOx traps (LNTs) systems, and, most of all, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx, permitted the application to road-transport vehicles of this ATS, originally designed in larger sizes for industrial usage. The paper reviews chemical processes occurring in SCR systems and their advantages and drawbacks with respect to the pollutant emission limits imposed by the legislation. Their potential side effects are also addressed, such as the emission of extra, not-yet regulated pollutants such as, for example, NH3 and N2O. The NOx, N2O, and NH3 emission level evolution with the various Euro standards for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles are reported in the light of experimental data obtained at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. It is observed that the new technologies, boosted by increasingly stricter legal limits, have led in the last two decades to a clear decrease of over one order of magnitude of NOx emissions in Diesel light-duty vehicles, bringing them to the same level as Euro 6 gasoline vehicles (10 mg/km to 20 mg/km in average). On the other hand, an obvious increase in the emissions of both NH3 and N2O is observed in both Diesel and gasoline light-duty vehicles, whereby NH3 emissions in spark-ignition vehicles are mainly linked to two-reaction mechanisms occurring in three-way catalysts after the catalyst light-off and during engine rich-operation. NH3 emissions measured in recent Euro 6 light-duty vehicles amount to a few mg/km for both gasoline and Diesel engines, whereby N2O emissions exceeding a dozen mg/km have been observed in Diesel vehicles only. The present paper can be regarded as part of a general assessment in view of the next EU emission standards, and a discussion on the role the SCR technology may serve as a NOx emission control strategy from lean-burn vehicles.

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“…China is an interesting testing ground to study nonagricultural NH 3 emissions because (1) China is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which are greatly related to industrial pollutant emissions; (2) the large population in China, especially in urban areas, leads to potential NH 3 -related health risks; and (3) industrial NH 3 emission standards and relevant policies are still lacking. Previous estimations of NH 3 emissions in China usually focused on improving the accuracy in the agricultural sector. − However, recent assessments stressing nonagricultural (e.g., combustion and traffic-related) NH 3 emissions are increasing , and have shown that NH 3 emissions from these sources are underestimated. ,− For example, Chang et al stressed the contribution of nonagricultural NH 3 emissions at the municipal level, and Fu et al initially suggested the significance of industrial NH 3 emissions. , Furthermore, based on satellite inversion data, Van Damme et al and Dammers et al revealed that industrial emissions could be an important but previously underestimated source across China. , However, insufficient resolution and the lack of point source data hinder the precise calculation of industrial NH 3 emissions. , Combined with the lack of updated localized emission factors (EFs), the existing industrial NH 3 estimates present considerable uncertainties (range 179–863 Gg in 2014). , These studies called for more attention to industrial point sources, highlighting that a high-resolution estimate of atmospheric NH 3 emissions from industrial sources in China is desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Increase in China’s Industrial Ammonia Emissions: Evidence from Unit-Based Mapping

Chen

Zhang

Cai

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols and greatly impacts nitrogen deposition and acid rain. Previous studies have mainly focused on the agricultural NH3 emissions, while recent research has noted that industrial sources could be significant in China. However, detailed estimates of NH3 emitted from industrial sectors in China are lacking. Here, we established an unprecedented high-spatial-resolution data set of China’s industrial NH3 emissions using up-to-date measurements of NH3 and point source-level information covering eight major industries and 27 subdivided process categories. We found that China emitted 798 (90% confidence interval: 668–933) gigagrams of industrial NH3 into the atmosphere in 2019, equivalent to 44 ± 20% of the industrial emissions worldwide; this flux is 3-fold larger than that in 1998 and has fluctuated since 2014. Furthermore, although fertilizer production is responsible for approximately half of the emissions in China, the emissions from cement production and coal-fired power plants increased dramatically from near zero to 164 and 41 gigagrams, respectively, in the past two decades, primarily due to the NH3 escape caused by the large-scale application of the denitration process. Our results reveal that, unlike other major air pollutants, China’s industrial NH3 emission control is still in a critical period, and stricter NH3 emission standards and innovation in pollution control technologies are highly desirable.

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Trends in ammonia emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in China, 1999–2017

Cited by 35 publications

References 49 publications

Treatment of Gaseous Ammonia Emissions Using Date Palm Pits Based Granular Activated Carbon

Treatment of Gaseous Ammonia Emissions Using Date Palm Pits Based Granular Activated Carbon

An Overview of Lean Exhaust deNOx Aftertreatment Technologies and NOx Emission Regulations in the European Union

Rapid Increase in China’s Industrial Ammonia Emissions: Evidence from Unit-Based Mapping

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