Trends in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drug Consumption in Children and Adolescents in Slovenia from 2001 to 2012: A Drug Use Study from a National Perspective

Štuhec, Matej; Locatelli, Igor; Švab, Vesna

doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0071

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…13,14 However, there has been a very marked rise in the number of prescriptions issued for ADHD medications across high-income countries in the last decade. 15,16,17 Rises in clinic incidence and treatment could simply indicate increased parent and teacher awareness of ADHD and/or changes in impact. 18,19 Nevertheless, European studies have repeatedly found that despite the rise in ADHD treatment, the administrative prevalence is lower than the population figure, highlighting that in these countries there is still under-diagnosis.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2016

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The causes of ADHD are complex and multifactorial, with genetics, early environment and gene-environment interplay all being involved. No single risk factor is either necessary or sufficient to explain its occurrence. ADHD is highly heritable, and multiple types of genetic variants appear to be involved. None are diagnostic. Early environmental factors (e.g. diet, pre-and perinatal factors, toxins and psychosocial risks) have also been extensively investigated but whilst correlations have been found between many environmental influences and ADHD, it is difficult to prove definite causes. Later, potentially modifiable factors might influence its course and outcomes and more research is needed on this. Clinical assessment should be detailed and go beyond asking about diagnostic items. There are specific guidelines for the stepwise management of ADHD, and when follo i g these, the se e it of s pto s a d a i di idual's i u sta es a d medical history should be taken into account. If ADHD medications are prescribed, it should be in conjunction with behavioural interventions. ADHD medication needs to be regularly reviewed. ADHD in many respects behaves like a chronic medical disorder. For many individuals, multimodal interventions that are carefully adjusted over time will be important. A developmental approach to assessment and treatment is necessary, taking into account how presentation and risks change over time.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2016

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“…Currently, it is well known that perinatal complications and neonatal environment (as well as genetic/epigenetic factors) affect child's physical and mental health development (Allen, Lewinsohn & Seeley, ; Appleton et al., ; Johnson, ; Johnson & Marlow, ). Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) prevalence varies across different studies between 1% and 8% (Polanczyk, Salum, Sugaya, Caye & Rohde, ; Štuhec, Locatelli & Švab, ; Štuhec, Švab & Locatelli, ) and it is caused by gene and environment interplay as reported by most studies (Biederman & Faraone, ; Fitzgerald, Bellgrove & Gill, ; Montiel‐Nava, Peña & Montiel‐Barbero, ). No gender differences have been found in the prevalence of ADHD combined type, including both inattentive and hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms, whereas girls with ADHD show the predominantly inattentive type two times more frequently than boys (Levy, Hay, Bennett & McStephen, ; Staller & Faraone, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Review: The role of obstetric and neonatal complications in childhood attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder – a systematic review

Serati

Barkin

Orsenigo

et al. 2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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“…Studies in European countries have reported that <3.2% of adults with ADHD receive pharmacotherapy targeting the core symptoms of ADHD,21 although new data are available especially on pharmacoepidemiology, because when new drugs were licensed in a jurisdiction, their prescription rates increased rapidly 29. In contrast, a survey conducted in Southern California reported that 48%–58% of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD received pharmacotherapy for ADHD symptoms 17.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend, characteristics, and pharmacotherapy of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide survey in Taiwan

Cheng

Shyu

Lee

et al. 2017

NDT

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ObjectiveAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults may result in functional impairment warranting clinical interventions. However, few studies have investigated the diagnosis and treatment rates of adult ADHD in non-Caucasian ethnic groups. This study used nationwide population-based data to investigate the rate of diagnosis, associated characteristics, and pharmacological treatment for adult ADHD in Taiwan.MethodsAdults (age ≥18 years) newly diagnosed with ADHD (n=5,397) between January 2000 and December 2011 were enrolled from the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. All patients were monitored until December 31, 2011. Patients who received treatment with immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH), osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate (OROS-MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) were analyzed.ResultsThe cumulative prevalence of adult ADHD was 0.028%, and the incidence increased 10.9-fold from 2000 to 2011. The male to female ratio was 1.16, and 74.9% of the patients had the inattentive type. Overall, 55% of the patients received drug therapy for ADHD, and the average treatment duration was 478.3 days. Of the total patients, 50.4%, 13.3%, and 1.7% were prescribed with IR-MPH, OROS-MPH, and ATX, for a mean duration of 453.9, 327.7, and 161.4 days, respectively.ConclusionThis population-based study showed an increasing trend in the diagnosis rate of adult ADHD; however, this rate is still low compared with Western countries. Approximately 45% of the adult patients with ADHD never received medication for their ADHD. Continuous efforts are needed to increase public awareness of adult ADHD.

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Trends in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Drug Consumption in Children and Adolescents in Slovenia from 2001 to 2012: A Drug Use Study from a National Perspective

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Research Review: The role of obstetric and neonatal complications in childhood attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder – a systematic review

Trend, characteristics, and pharmacotherapy of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide survey in Taiwan

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