Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake in the United States and the Impact of USDA Guidelines: NHANES 1999-2016

Brouillard, Adam M.; Kraja, Aldi T.; Rich, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.04.040

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although age was not a major determinant of salt consumption in our analyses, the percentage of subjects on low sodium is slightly higher in younger women (20.9%) and women older than 60 years (29%). These figures are in accordance with those of similar surveys conducted in the United States [ 24 , 25 ]. Thus, in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the adherence to US Department of Agriculture Dietary sodium recommendations (<2300 mg Na/day or <6 g NaCl/day) was slightly above 20% in the overall population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Thus, in the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the adherence to US Department of Agriculture Dietary sodium recommendations (<2300 mg Na/day or <6 g NaCl/day) was slightly above 20% in the overall population. In all subjects with a high cardiovascular risk such as hypertensive patients and patients with diabetes or chronic kidney diseases, it was below 10% [ 24 ]. The significantly higher representation of women among subjects eating less than 5 g of salt is not surprising as women were found in all surveys including ours to consume less salt than men [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Clinical Profiles and Factors Associated with a Low Sodium Intake in the Population: An Analysis of the Swiss Survey on Salt

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As a part of the salt controversy, it has been suggested that people with a low sodium intake have an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, there is no clear explanation for this increased risk. We examined the socio-demographic, clinical profile, and behavioral factors associated with a low sodium intake in the Swiss subjects who participated in the Swiss Survey on Salt. Only 13.3% of the Swiss population eat less than 5 g of salt daily and among them 78.2% are women. Subjects with a low sodium intake eat and drink less as reflected by lower intakes of proteins, potassium, and calcium and a smaller urine volume. In addition, a low blood pressure, a normal body mass index, a low prevalence of obesity, a low serum uric acid, and less alcohol and cigarette consumption characterized this group, suggesting a rather low cardiovascular risk profile. Being single and doing most of the cooking at home are associated with a low intake of sodium, as well as a less frequent consumption of meat and fish when eating less than 5 g salt per day. However, the awareness of the effects of salt on health and cardiovascular risk, health concerns, and physical activity are similar in subjects eating more or less salt. In conclusion, we could not evidence clinical or behavioral factors that could significantly increase the risk of developing cardiovascular events in low salt eaters.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Profiles and Factors Associated with a Low Sodium Intake in the Population: An Analysis of the Swiss Survey on Salt

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our study showed an association of discretionary salt use with male gender which is consistent with previous studies. 18 It was reported that high intake of salt in men might be due to high intake of food as compared to women. 19 Another reason might be outside eating which was more in men as compared to women in Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Salt Intake Implications as Risk Factor for Hypertension and Comparison of Three Salt Estimation Methods- Findings From Islamabad, Pakistan

Saqib¹,

Rafique

Ansar

et al. 2022

Pak Heart J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: The study was designed to estimate daily salt intake, its discretionary use in healthy individuals and to validate three common methods for salt estimation in Pakistani population. Methodology: Information on demography and discretionary salt use was collected from healthy adults (>18 years) along with a blood sample, spot and 24 hour urine samples. Sodium, chloride, potassium levels and serum creatinine were measured using standard methods. For daily salt estimation, three common methods i.e. INTERSALT, Tanaka and Kawasaki were validated for their applicability in local settings. Results: Overall 24 h sodium excretion was 158 mmol/l indicating intake of 8.64 (±4.43) grams salt per day which was significantly associated with male gender (p. <0.004) and adding salt during cooking (p. <0.0001). Most (73%) of the participants know about hazardous effects of high salt intake, however, only 25% consider important to lower salt intake. None of three methods i.e. INTERSALT (bias: -19.64; CCC -0.79), Tanaka (bias: 167.35; CCC -0.37) and Kawasaki (bias: -42.49, CCC -0.79) showed any agreement between measured and estimated 24 hour sodium. Conclusion: Daily intake of salt was high which increases the risk for hypertension. Comparison of methods for estimation revealed that none of the three methods could be used for estimating daily intake of salt in local settings of Pakistan.

show abstract

“…Recent studies on sodium intake done in Mexico, Brazil, Nepal, and the USA [27][28][29][30] found important consumption differences between men and women. Men generally have a higher salt consumption, due to less healthy diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of salt intake reduction on CVD mortality in Costa Rica: A scenario modelling study

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of death in Costa Rica and high blood pressure was associated with a mortality rate of 29% in 2018. The average household sodium intake in the country is also two times higher than the World Health Organization recommendation. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of reducing salt intake on CVD mortality in Costa Rica using a scenario simulation model. The Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl (PRIME) was used to estimate the number of deaths that would be averted or delayed in the Costa Rican population by following the national and the international guidelines to reduce salt consumption, according to two scenarios: A) 46% reduction and B) 15% reduction, both at an energy intake of 2171 kcal. The scenarios estimated that between 4% and 13%, respectively, of deaths due to CVD would be prevented or postponed. The highest percentages of deaths prevented or postponed by type of CVD would be related to Coronary heart disease (39% and 38%, respectively), Hypertensive disease (32% and 33%, respectively), and Stroke (22% in both). The results demonstrate that reducing salt consumption could prevent or postpone an important number of deaths in Costa Rica. More support for existing policies and programs urges.

show abstract

Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake in the United States and the Impact of USDA Guidelines: NHANES 1999-2016

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

Clinical Profiles and Factors Associated with a Low Sodium Intake in the Population: An Analysis of the Swiss Survey on Salt

Clinical Profiles and Factors Associated with a Low Sodium Intake in the Population: An Analysis of the Swiss Survey on Salt

High Salt Intake Implications as Risk Factor for Hypertension and Comparison of Three Salt Estimation Methods- Findings From Islamabad, Pakistan

Impact of salt intake reduction on CVD mortality in Costa Rica: A scenario modelling study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About