Trends in eVTOL Aircraft Development: The Concepts, Enablers and Challenges

Abstract

By the second quarter of 2022, over 500 electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft concepts have been unveiled. However, less than 30% of the concepts have achieved first flight due to the infancy of this industry. To keep track of these developments and the emerging urban air mobility landscape, a technical research database has been developed to categorize the concepts based on their propulsion architecture and compare them for performance and safety metrics based on published data and independent analyses. This paper presents the results of a study on 120 eVTOL aircraft concepts announced between 2014 and 2020. It reviews the current global eVTOL landscape and explores the technological progress enabling the development of these aircraft. Data on global eVTOL aircraft development show that eVTOL start-up companies are developing a majority of concepts at 68%. The USA, Europe and China account for over 70% of the concepts in development. The intensity of public announcements of new eVTOL aircraft concepts appears to have peaked after an exponential rise in the number of concepts unveiled between 2016 and 2018. This study intends to inform readers about the trends in eVTOL development and the dominant concepts that may be considered in trade studies.

Ground Effect on the Thrust Performance of Staggered Rotor System

“…In the ground effect of planar multi-rotors, experimental results from Otsuka [25] and Conyers [16] indicate that rotor speed has a minor impact on T ige /T oge . This observation is further supported by the rotor ground effect aerodynamic prediction models proposed by He [3], and Sanchez-Cuevas [19]. Consequently, in subsequent studies, the comparison of thrust ratios at different speeds will no longer be conducted.…”

“…In recent years, the swift advancement of distributed electric propulsion technology and advancements in flight control have propelled the growth of eVTOLs equipped with multi-rotor systems, thereby opening new avenues for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) [1][2][3][4][5]. Moreover, UAM aircraft face the challenge of navigating complex urban traffic environments and undergoing frequent takeoff and landing processes [6,7].…”

Exploring AAM Acceptance in Tourism: Environmental Consciousness’s Influence on Hedonic Motivation and Intention to Use

“…As advancements in technologies such as electric propulsion and autonomous driving continue, the emergence of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft products [1,2] has raised the prospect of realizing advanced air mobility (AAM) [3]. Due to the characteristics of eVTOL, including high speed and independence from ground congestion, numerous studies predict significant development potential for AAM in areas such as logistics [4][5][6], flying cars [7], and transportation [8][9][10][11][12].…”