Trends in glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes, 2012–2016, in a healthcare area of Barcelona

Epidemiological Situation of High-Prevalence Non-Communicable Diseases in Spain: A Systematic Review

“…The most frequently reported comorbidities were hypertension (72%), hyperlipidaemia (60%), obesity (45%), chronic kidney disease (33%), chronic renal failure (28%) and cardiovascular disease (23%). Also, López-Cobo et al (2022) [64] stated that the notable chronic complications of type 2 DM in their study were diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy (subjects having type 2 DM for at least 10 years), heart failure and peripheral vascular disease.…”

“…Preventive measures applied to the disease are of great benefit to diabetic patients. These include maintaining adequate metabolic and risk factor control, physical activity, consumption of fruit and vegetables with improvements in eating habits, avoidance of smoking, reduction in HbA1c levels, weight and BMI reduction, which are all part of the basis of guidelines that help to reduce glucose levels [55,56,58,61,64]. These findings coincide with other studies such as that of G. Liu et al (2023) [84] and another conducted in China by Wu et al (2022) [85], in which they establish that leading a healthy lifestyle (healthy diet, not smoking, exercise, and the consumption of vegetables and fruit) reduces the risk of complications and becomes a protective factor against DM2.…”

“…Similarly, in a study conducted in Pakistan, Khowaja et al (2023) [86] highlighted among their results that there are predictors for the empowerment of patients with DM, placing em-phasis on knowledge of the disease, treatment, foot care, age, marital status and economic status. There are another two studies in our review that reveal that diabetic patients, in addition to suffering from the disease, also experience certain comorbidities and complications such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, chronic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, cardiovascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease [57,64]. This coincides with the analyses of Dimore et al (2023) [87] and Luo et al (2023) [88], which highlight complications in patients with DM2 including retinopathy, foot ulcers, nephropathy and neuropathy.…”

“…The following studies applied measures and analyses that facilitated the necessary strategies or measures for disease prevention. Among them is the study by López-Cobo et al (2022) [64] in Barcelona, that compared metabolic control and vascular risk factors. The results showed adequate glycaemic control between 2012 and 2016.…”

Combining bioinformatics, network pharmacology and artificial intelligence to predict the mechanism of celastrol in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

“…T2D is a chronic disease with a high prevalence and a wide range of complications, the main ones being obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Lifestyle interventions can improve the symptoms of T2D ( 32 ) and can improve the symptoms of T2D. However, according to the FDA and EMA in the US and Europe, there are no recommended drugs for T2D prevention.…”