Trends in levels of disinfection by-products

Benoit, Frank M.; LeBel, Guy L.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-095x(199809/10)9:5<555::aid-env323>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The increase in THM formation during spring was mainly due to relatively high raw water NPOC concentration (4.00 mg/L) compared to the other seasons (b3.76 mg/L). In addition, TTHM levels in winter were found to be higher than in summer, which is an unexpected situation since many studies reported maximum THM formation in summer (Williams et al, 1998;Rodriguez et al, 2004;Toroz and Uyak, 2005). High THM formation in winter may be related to In the case of BDWTP, which generally supplies drinking water for only two or three seasons, the trend for seasonal TTHM variability was similar to that of Tahtalı.…”

Section: Seasonal Variation In Dbp Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other groups of DBPs are generally detected at lower concentrations than THMs. Many studies on seasonal variation of THMs suggested that these compounds tend to be higher in summer since organic matter content of water source increases (Williams et al, 1998;Rodriguez et al, 2004). A recent study reported that (Ates et al, 2007) 16 of the 29 surface source waters of Turkey had the highest THM formation potential during winter, whereas six source waters had it in spring and autumn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Seasonal variation in drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products in IZMIR and associated human health risks

Baytak

Sofuoğlu

İnal

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

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Seasonal variation in concentrations of two different disinfection by-product groups, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs), was investigated in tap water samples collected from five sampling points (one groundwater and four surface water sources) in İzmir, Turkey. Estimates of previously published carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks through oral exposure to THMs were re-evaluated using a probabilistic approach that took the seasonal concentration variation into account. Chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromethane and dichloroacetonitrile were the most frequently detected compounds. Among these, chloroform was detected with the highest concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 98.4 µg/L. In tap water, at the groundwater supplied sampling point, brominated species, bromoform and dibromoacetonitrile, were detected at the highest levels most probably due to bromide ion intrusion from seawater. The highest total THM and total HAN concentrations were detected in spring while the lowest in summer and fall. The annual average total THM concentration measured at one of the surface water supplied sampling points exceeded the USEPA's limit of 80 µg/L. While all non-carcinogenic risks due to exposure to THMs in İzmir drinking water were negligible, carcinogenic risk levels associated with bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were higher than one in million. IntroductionChlorination of drinking water leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) which may create adverse health effects on human beings. The DBPs are formed as a result of reactions between the precursor materials (natural organic matter and bromide ion) and aqueous forms of the disinfectants. The major groups of DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halogenated ketones (HKs). THMs include four species; chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). Epidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to DBPs increases the risk of bladder, colon-rectum, leukemia, stomach and rectal cancers as well as abortion, low birth weight, and birth defects (IARC, 1991;Calderon, 2000;Villanueva et al., 2004). The formation of DBPs is affected by several factors including water temperature and pH, nature and concentration of the

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Section: Seasonal Variation In Dbp Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Seasonal variation in drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products in IZMIR and associated human health risks

Baytak

Sofuoğlu

İnal

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The first class of chlorination byproducts identified in drinking water was THMs (Bellar et al, 1974;Rook, 1974;Golfinopoulos et al, 1998). HAAs (Christman et al, 1983, Miller andUden, 1983;Reckhow andSinger, 1985, Krasner et al, 1989), HANs, HKs, and CP were later detected at lower concentrations (Oliver, 1983;Krasner et al, 1989;Nieminski et al, 1993;LeBel et al, 1997;Williams et al, 1997Williams et al, , 1998Simpson and Hayes, 1998;Nikolaou et al, 1999;Golfinopoulos and Nikolaou, 2001).…”

Section: Introduction D Uring the Last Decades Disinfection Byproductsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

Lekkas¹,

Nikolaou²

2004

Environmental Engineering Science

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An investigation of the behavior of different categories of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in ultrapure water and in spiked drinking water samples was performed. The influence of sunlight, pH, and time was examined. Several of the compounds were subject to degradation with time, while others showed increasing trends, possibly due to natural production by bacteria. Chloroform, monochloroacetonitrile, and monochloroacetic acid slightly increased in the presence of sunlight, while dichloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid, and mixed bromo-chloro acetic acids were subject to decomposition, especially under sunlight. However, sunlight was found to decelerate decomposition of trichloropropanone and to prevent decomposition of bromochloro-acetonitrile and chloral hydrate. Trichloropropanone decomposed to chloroform, while mixed haloacetic acids decomposed to the corresponding trihalomethanes. Multiple regression equations were obtained for the concentrations of individual DBPs in drinking water as a function of time, pH, and sunlight. Most of the volatile DBPs decreased with increasing pH both in sunlight and in darkness, while haloacetic acids remained unaffected from pH. However, haloacetic acids seemed to be influenced by sunlight to a significantly greater extent than volatile DBPs. Knowledge of the behavior of individual compounds during exposure to sunlight is essential towards the development of photolysis-based removal techniques. pH influence needs to be considered, especially in the case of volatile DBPs.

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“…This proves that chlorinated by-products present in ETS are more genotoxic than those present in water and last point of sampling. Therefore, chlorinated byproducts changes in the course of distribution are depending on the added doses of chlorine, to the stocking and to seasonal variation; as it leads to changes in physicochemical characteristics of water (pH, temperature, colour, turbidity and organic matter), which is consistent with the results of this work and previous works elaborated across the world to identify the adverse effect, especially genotoxic issues induced by compounds produced from the disinfection of waters intended for human consumption (Urien, 1986;Williams et al, 1995Williams et al, , 1998Chen and Weisel, 1998). …”

Section: Standard Sos Chromotestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Undesirable effects of drinking water chlorination by-products

Eddine¹,

Khallef²,

Rym³

2014

J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci.

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The fundamental objective of water treatment is the protection of consumers from pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of drinking water is essential to prevent waterborne disease. However, chlorine reacts with organic matter present in surface waters to form various by-products suspected of being carcinogenic. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the connection between exposure to these chlorination by-products and human health defects. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the genotoxicity of drinking water of Annaba city. The study have been carried out in different points of water distribution and in the station of treatment, using two tests of determination of genotoxic risk by means of SOS chromotest (using the strain Escherichia coli PQ37). SOS chromotest showed genotoxic effect of the sample collected from the exit of treatment station.

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Trends in levels of disinfection by-products

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

Seasonal variation in drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products in IZMIR and associated human health risks

Seasonal variation in drinking water concentrations of disinfection by-products in IZMIR and associated human health risks

Degradation of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

Undesirable effects of drinking water chlorination by-products

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