Trends in life expectancy by income from 1988 to 2007: decomposition by age and cause of death

Tarkiainen, Lasse; Martikainen, Pekka; Laaksonen, Mikko; Valkonen, Tapani

doi:10.1136/jech.2010.123182

Cited by 134 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…In Finland, the increase is mainly explained by a growing disparity in alcohol-related deaths, as well as many cancers, between high-and low-income groups (Tarkiainen, Martikainen, Laaksonen, and Valkonen, 2012). For Sweden, there is to our knowledge no previous research on cause-specific mortality trends by income level.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 93%

“…Lastly, we estimate life expectancy at age 35 from life tables based on the death rates for each income group and for men and women separately. Finally, we aggregate deaths across four years at the beginning and end of the period -1970-1973 and 2000-2003 for individual incomes and 1978-1981 and 2000-2003 for family incomes -and decompose the change in life expectancy by cause of death using the same methods as Tarkiainen, Martikainen, Laaksonen, and Valkonen (2012), which in turn are based on United Nations Secreteriat (1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, Singh and Siahpush (2006) conclude that the 2.8 years gap in life expectancy between the top and bottom decile deprivation index groups in the U.S. population in 1980-82 had widened to 4.5 years in 2000. In the paper closest to ours, Tarkiainen, Martikainen, Laaksonen, and Valkonen (2012) show that differences in mortality across household disposable income groups have widened dramatically in Finland between 1988 and 2007. The difference in life expectancy at age 35 for women in the bottom fifth of the income distribution compared to the highest fifth amounted to 3.9 years in 1988.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, since female labour force participation has increased considerably during the 20th cen-tury, individual income has become a more important part of women's economic circumstances as well as of the total resources in the household. Widening gaps in mortality have been reported for household disposable income (Tarkiainen, Martikainen, Laaksonen, and Valkonen, 2012), but increasing inequalities have also been established for poverty measures (Smith, Dorling, Mitchell, and Shaw, 2002), individual disposable income (Brønnum-Hansen and Baadsgaard, 2007), and earnings (Waldron, 2007).…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Life Expectancy by Income and the Role of Specific Causes of Death

et al. 2017

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This study explores how life expectancy at age 35 has evolved across the income distribution in Sweden over time. We examine individual income for men 1970–2007 and family income for both men and women 1980–2007. During this period, income inequality increased in most western countries, but especially so in Sweden. Drawing on a large sample of the Swedish population, our results show that the gap in life expectancy between the richest and poorest fifths of the income distribution also increased. This was the case both for individual and family income. The increase was larger for men than for women, but the only group with stagnant life expectancy at age 35 was women in the lowest income quintile group. Between 1986 and 2007, the difference between the lowest and highest family income quintiles increased by about one year for women and by almost two years for men. The causes of death that most significantly contributed to the increased disparities among women were circulatory and respiratory diseases. For men, circulatory disease mortality alone caused most of the increased disparities.

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Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Life Expectancy by Income and the Role of Specific Causes of Death

et al. 2017

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“…The increasing gap in life expectancy was mainly due to increasesof mortality in the lowest income population and most importantly because of the increasing mortality in alcohol-related diseases.Their result determined an essential need to eliminate the specific health problems of the poorest (Tarkiainen, Martikainen, Laaksonen, & Valkonen, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top Ten Causes of Death and Life Expectancy in Zahedan (South-East Iran) in 2014

Sargolzaie¹,

Kiani²,

Salari³

et al. 2016

GJHS

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Introduction: Life expectancy is an overall measure of population health. Sistan and Balouchestan is the biggest in terms of geographical size and one of the least developed provinces in Iran. We tried to determine the top 10 causes of death and life expectancy in Zahedan in 2014 and compare them with other parts of Iran and global pattern.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study. Our population included residents of Zahedan in 2014. We used data from the death registration system according to ICD10 codes to determine the top 10 causes of death in Zahedan. We tried in this study to apply William Brass method to modify mortalities undercount. Then we estimated the life expectancy for men and women in Zahedan by providing lifetime tables.Results: Thetop ten causes of death in Zahedan were, respectively: 1-injury, poisoning and other certain consequences of external causes, 2-certain conditions originating in the prenatal period, 3-strokes, 4-ischemic heart diseases, 5-neoplasm, 6-Alzheimer disease, 7-hypertension-related diseases, 8-congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities, 9-certain infectious and parasitic diseases and 10-respiratory system infections. The death registration coverage in Zahedanhad been 83% for men and 73% for women in 2014 based on William Brass method. After applying undercount deaths and based on life tablescalculation we determined life expectancy 64.39 years and 67.51 years respectively for men and women in Zahedan city in 2014. Conclusion:In regard to ranks of strokes, ischemic heart disease, road accidents and cancers in our study; our resultsare similar to countries with middle income and higher income. Also, it is pertinent to also state it that thesecond rank of prenatal disease in our population is similar to that of the low-income countries.The relatively low life expectancy in Zahedan indicates the less developed condition and a purposeful intervention to improve the development condition and the prevention of the main causes of death in Zahedan are necessary to improve life expectancy in this region.

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Wealth-Associated Disparities in Death and Disability in the United States and England

et al. 2017

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IMPORTANCELow income has been associated with poor health outcomes. Owing to retirement, wealth may be a better marker of financial resources among older adults.OBJECTIVE To determine the association of wealth with mortality and disability among older adults in the United States and England. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) are nationally representative cohorts of community-dwelling older adults. We examined 12 173 participants enrolled in HRS and 7599 enrolled in ELSA in 2002. Analyses were stratified by age (54-64 years vs 66-76 years) because many safety-net programs commence around age 65 years. Participants were followed until 2012 for mortality and disability. EXPOSURES Wealth quintile, based on total net worth in 2002. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mortality and disability, defined as difficulty performing an activity of daily living.RESULTS A total of 6233 US respondents and 4325 English respondents aged 54 to 64 years (younger cohort) and 5940 US respondents and 3274 English respondents aged 66 to 76 years (older cohort) were analyzed for the mortality outcome. Slightly over half of respondents were women (HRS: 6570, 54%; ELSA: 3974, 52%). A higher proportion of respondents from HRS were nonwhite compared with ELSA in both the younger (14% vs 3%) and the older (13% vs 3%) age cohorts. We found increased risk of death and disability as wealth decreased. In the United States, participants aged 54 to 64 years in the lowest wealth quintile (Q1) (Յ$39 000) had a 17% mortality risk and 48% disability risk over 10 years, whereas in the highest wealth quintile (Q5) (>$560 000) participants had a 5% mortality risk and 15% disability risk (mortality hazard ratio [HR], 3.3; 95% CI, 2.0-5.6; P < .001; disability subhazard ratio [sHR], 4.0; 95% CI, 2.9-5.6; P < .001). In England, participants aged 54 to 64 years in Q1 (Յ£34,000) had a 16% mortality risk and 42% disability risk over 10 years, whereas Q5 participants (>£310,550) had a 4% mortality risk and 17% disability risk (mortality HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.7-7.0; P < .001; disability sHR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.1-4.2; P < .001). In 66-to 76-year-old participants, the absolute risks of mortality and disability were higher, but risk gradients across wealth quintiles were similar. When adjusted for sex, age, race, income, and education, HR for mortality and sHR for disability were attenuated but remained statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Low wealth was associated with death and disability in both the United States and England. This relationship was apparent from age 54 years and continued into later life. Access to health care may not attenuate wealth-associated disparities in older adults.

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Trends in life expectancy by income from 1988 to 2007: decomposition by age and cause of death

Cited by 134 publications

References 23 publications

Trends in Life Expectancy by Income and the Role of Specific Causes of Death

Trends in Life Expectancy by Income and the Role of Specific Causes of Death

Top Ten Causes of Death and Life Expectancy in Zahedan (South-East Iran) in 2014

Wealth-Associated Disparities in Death and Disability in the United States and England

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