Trends in Mean Nutrient Intakes of US Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children from 3 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS)

Eldridge, Alison L.; Catellier, Diane J.; Hampton, Joel; Dwyer, Johanna; Bailey, Regan L

doi:10.1093/jn/nxz054

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Our results were based on food and beverage intake and therefore unclear to what extent calcium dietary supplementation impacted overall intake. As stated earlier, the FITS 2016 study found a significant portion of this population did not meet the calcium EAR even when supplement use was taken into consideration [18]; however, no clear age trend was observed in the FITS 2016 data versus our data that included older children and spanned 16 years.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…To date only three U.S. studies have assessed the dietary micronutrient intake adequacy in a nationally representative sample of young children. One study reported on children aged 6 to 23 months [ 16 ] and two studies on children from birth to less than 48 months [ 17 , 18 ]. The micronutrient intake in toddler and preschool US children aged 1–6 years has not been previously assessed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1–6 Years from NHANES 2001–2016

Bailey

Fulgoni²,

Shah

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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The early years, between the ages of one and six, are a period of rapid physical, social and cognitive growth and a nutritionally adequate diet is an important factor for optimum development. We investigated the micronutrient adequacy and status of young US children aged 1–6 years (n = 9848) using 24-h dietary recall interviews completed by parents and caregivers participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2016. data. The proportion of the sample not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) increased with increasing age and was most pronounced for calcium. Despite adequate iron intake, 7.4% and 2.5% had signs of iron deficiency and anemia based on serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels, with younger children and WIC participants at most risk and Non-Hispanic Black children the least. Vitamin B6 intake was adequate, but 6.4% had serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate deficiency. For vitamin E, 69% had intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), yet serum deficiency was only detected in 0.9%. Vitamin D intake was inadequate for 87%, but true deficiency may be overestimated. Mean DHA intake was 24 mg/d, well below expert recommendations of 70–100 mg/day. Iron and vitamin B6 deficiency and inadequate calcium, fiber, choline, potassium and DHA intakes are a concern for a significant percentage of young children. The discrepancy between nutrient intakes and serum deficiency levels needs to be further investigated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1–6 Years from NHANES 2001–2016

Bailey

Fulgoni²,

Shah

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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“…In France, in children who received vitamin D from food sources and supplementation, 10% of infants 30–35 months of age still received less than the recommended intake [67]. In the USA, despite attention to vitamin D supplementation in the last 2 decades, a greater number of children 0–47.9 months of age received less than the recommended supplementation in 2016 compared to 2002 [68]. In the United Kingdom, just over half of parents reported receiving information regarding vitamin D supplementation for their infant and 80% described that they found the information lacking adequate details [69].…”

Section: Recommended Vitamin D Intake For Toddlers Children and Adomentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D in Toddlers, Preschool Children, and Adolescents

Taylor

2020

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: Vitamin D supplementation is known to both prevent and treat rickets, a disease of hypomineralized bone. Childhood is a period of great bone development and, therefore, attention to the vitamin D needed to optimize bone health in childhood is imperative. Summary: Observational studies have pointed to a vitamin D status, as indicated by a 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, of 50 nmol/L to ensure avoidance of rickets and of 75 nmol/L to optimize health. However, the benefits of achieving these levels of vitamin D status are less evident when pediatric randomized, controlled trials are performed. In fact, no specific pediatric vitamin D supplementation has been established by the existing evidence. Yet, study of vitamin D physiology continues to uncover further potential benefits to vitamin D sufficiency. This disconnection between vitamin D function and trials of supplementation has led to new paths of investigation, including establishment of the best method to measure vitamin D status, examination of genetic variation in vitamin D metabolism, and consideration that vitamin D status is a marker of another variable, such as physical activity, and its association with bone health. Nevertheless, vitamin D supplementation in the range of 10–50 μg/day appears to be safe for children and remains a promising intervention that may yet be supported by clinical trials as a method to optimize pediatric health. Key Message: Pediatric vitamin D status is associated with avoidance of rickets. Randomized, controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for pediatric bone health are limited and equivocal in their results. Beyond bone, decreased risk for autoimmune, infectious, and allergic diseases has been associated with higher vitamin D status. The specific vitamin D supplementation to optimize toddler, child, and adolescent outcomes is unknown, but doses 10–50 μg/day are safe and may be beneficial.

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“…However, these studies lack recent data and there is limited understanding of population-level changes in food consumption behaviors of young children over time [8]. A more recent analysis using data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) examined trends in nutrient intakes among 0–47.9-month-olds and found that nutrient intakes were generally stable from 2002 to 2016; however, sodium intakes exceed recommended levels and there were notable declines in vitamins D and E and fiber among the entire sample and in iron among infants [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Food Consumption Patterns of US Infants and Toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016

et al. 2019

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The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) is the largest survey of dietary intake among infants and young children in the United States. Dietary patterns in early childhood are a key component of prevention of diet-related chronic diseases, yet little is known about how food consumption patterns of infants and young children have changed over time. The objective of this study is to examine trends in food and beverage consumption among children ages 6–23.9 months using data from the FITS conducted in 2002, 2008, and 2016. A total of 5963 infants and young children ages 6–23.9 months were included in these analyses. Food consumption data were collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall by telephone using the Nutrition Data System for Research. Linear trends were assessed using the Wald’s test in a multivariable linear regression model. Positive significant findings include increases in breast milk consumption and decreases in the consumption of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and 100% fruit juice. More troubling findings include decreasing infant cereal consumption, stagnant or decreasing whole grain consumption, and stagnant consumption of vegetables. Our findings suggest some promising improvements in dietary intake among infants and toddlers in the United States over the past 15 years, but further policy, programmatic, and industry efforts are still needed.

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Trends in Mean Nutrient Intakes of US Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children from 3 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS)

Cited by 32 publications

References 35 publications

Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1–6 Years from NHANES 2001–2016

Nutrient Intake Adequacy from Food and Beverage Intake of US Children Aged 1–6 Years from NHANES 2001–2016

Vitamin D in Toddlers, Preschool Children, and Adolescents

Trends in Food Consumption Patterns of US Infants and Toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016

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