Trends in prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis symptoms in primary schoolchildren six years apart in Budapest

Abstract

Although the prevalence of physician-diagnosed AR has not shown significant changes during the studied interval, the significant increase of the current AR symptoms suggests growing prevalence of AR among children in Budapest. Our results revealed new aspects of bedding customs in atopic families.

Cumulative Evidence for Association of Acetaminophen Exposure and Allergic Rhinitis

“…For acetaminophen exposure in early life, the metaanalysis of 15 estimates from 11 studies [13,17,18,20,[26][27][28][29][31][32][33] (510,796 participants) showed significant associations between acetaminophen exposure and allergic rhinitis (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.21-1.49) ( Fig. 2; Table 2).…”

“…The 17 articles [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], including a total of 870,492 participants, were published from 2000 to 2018. Among the 18 studies included in the 17 articles, 5 were cohort studies [18][19][20]28], 2 were case-control studies [15,30], and 11 were cross-sectional studies [13,14,16,17,26,27,29,[31][32][33][34]. Six studies were conducted in Europe [15,17,20,27,32,34], 5 studies in Asia [18,29,31,33], 2 studies in Africa [16,28], 2 studies in Oceania [19,26], 1 study in South America…”

“…Among the 18 studies included in the 17 articles, 5 were cohort studies [18][19][20]28], 2 were case-control studies [15,30], and 11 were cross-sectional studies [13,14,16,17,26,27,29,[31][32][33][34]. Six studies were conducted in Europe [15,17,20,27,32,34], 5 studies in Asia [18,29,31,33], 2 studies in Africa [16,28], 2 studies in Oceania [19,26], 1 study in South America [30], and 2 were multicountry studies [13,14]. Of the included studies, 6 were assessed as high quality [13,14,18,20,33] and 12 as moderate quality [15-17, 19, 26-32, 34].…”

“…The results of the subgroup analysis are presented in Table 4. Heterogeneity: τ 2 = 0.13; χ 2 = 8.73, df = 3 (p = 0.03); I 2 = 66% Test for overall effect: Z = 2.41 (p = 0.02) Heterogeneity: τ 2 = 0.06; χ 2 = 686.51, df = 39 (p < 0.00001); I 2 = 94% Test for overall effect: Z = 9.58 (p < 0.00001) Test for subaroun differences: χ 2 = 9.09, df = 3 (p = 0.03); I 2 = 67.0% 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Acetaminophen Exposure in Early Life Three cohort studies [18,20,28] resulted in a pooled OR of 1.46 (1.29-1.65), whereas 8 cross-sectional studies [13,17,26,27,29,[31][32][33] had a pooled OR of 1.25 (1.04-1.52) (χ 2 = 1.74; p = 0.19; I 2 = 42.4%). Four high-quality studies [13,18,20,33] had a pooled OR of 1.39 (1.24-1.55), whereas 7 moderate-quality studies [17, 26-29, 31, 32] had a pooled OR of 1.35 (1.03-1.76) (χ 2 = 0.03; p = 0.86; I 2 = 0).…”

“…The test for subgroup differences by adjustment for respiratory tract infection showed no significant differences (χ 2 = 1.74; p = 0.19; I 2 = 42.4%). The 3 studies (7 estimates) [18,20,28] adjusted for respiratory tract infection had a pooled OR of 1.46 (1.29-1.65), whereas 8 studies [13,17,26,27,29,[31][32][33] unadjusted for respiratory tract infection had a pooled OR of 1.25 (1.04-1.52). The test for subgroup differences with adjustment for confounding factors showed no significant differences (χ 2 = 2.97; p = 0.08; I 2 = 66.3%).…”