Trends in Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Representation Among Surgical Faculty Members and Medical Students in the US, 2011-2020

Yu, Alice Yunzi L; Iwai, Yoshiko; Thomas, Samantha M.; Beasley, Georgia M.; Sudan, Ranjan; Fayanju, Oluwadamilola M.

doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.4904

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Diversity in the surgical workforce is critical to promote diverse perspectives and innovation, 37 and diverse faculty have a positive effect on the diversity of residents and medical students. 38,39 However, despite this benefit, the growth in female representation in surgery is incremental, whereas there has been little to no change in representation of racial and ethnic minority surgical residents. 38,40 Furthermore, representation of women and URiM faculty in leadership positions is even more inequitable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is as important that we actively address these barriers by creating a more inclusive and diverse surgical workforce. Diversity in the surgical workforce is critical to promote diverse perspectives and innovation, 37 and diverse faculty have a positive effect on the diversity of residents and medical students 38,39 . However, despite this benefit, the growth in female representation in surgery is incremental, whereas there has been little to no change in representation of racial and ethnic minority surgical residents 38,40 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity with Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery

et al. 2023

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Objective: Examine the association between sex, race, ethnicity, and family income, and the intersectionality between these identities, and sustained or cultivated paths in surgery in medical school. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examines U.S. medical students who matriculated in academic years 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Data was provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, including self-reported sex, race, ethnicity, family income, interest in surgery at matriculation, and successful placement into a surgical residency at graduation. This study examined two outcomes: 1) sustained path in surgery between matriculation and graduation for students who entered medical school with an interest in surgery, and 2) cultivated path in surgery for students who entered medical school not initially interested in surgery and who applied to and were successfully placed into a surgical residency at graduation. Results: Among the 5,074 students who reported interest in surgery at matriculation, 2,108 (41.5%) had sustained path in surgery. Compared to male students, female students were significantly less likely to have sustained path in surgery (aRR: 0.92 (0.85-0.98)), while Asian (aRR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.74-0.91), Hispanic (aRR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.59-0.83), and low-income (aRR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.78-0.92) students were less likely to have a sustained path in surgery compared to their peers. Among the 17,586 students who reported an initial interest in a non-surgical specialty, 1,869 (10.6%) were placed into a surgical residency at graduation. Female students, regardless of race/ethnic identity and income, were significantly less likely to have cultivated paths in surgery compared to male students, with URiM female students reporting the lowest rates. Conclusion and Relevance: This study demonstrates significant disparity in sustained and cultivated paths in surgery during undergraduate medical education. Innovative transformation of the surgical learning environment to promote surgical identity development and belonging for female, URiM, and low-income students is essential to diversify the surgical workforce.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity with Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery

et al. 2023

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“…In 2021, the authors of this paper sought to understand the impact of the diversity of surgical faculty on the diversity of medical students. We found that programs with more URiM faculty were more likely to have more URiM and female medical students 15 . We subsequently sought to expand our exploration in light of literature highlighting the complexity and importance of intersectionality in medical education research 13,14,16 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We found that programs with more URiM faculty were more likely to have more URiM and female medical students. 15 We subsequently sought to expand our exploration in light of literature highlighting the complexity and importance of intersectionality in medical education research. 13,14,16 Coined by legal scholar Crenshaw 17 in a landmark 1989 essay on the marginalization of Black women, "intersectionality" allows us to conceptualize mechanisms for discrimination, bias, and exclusion in the overlapping spaces of race and gender.…”

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confidence: 99%

At the Intersection of Intersectionality

Iwai

Thomas

et al. 2023

Annals of Surgery

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Objective: We sought to compare representation of intersectional (i.e., racial/ethnic and gender) identities among surgical faculty versus medical students. Summary Background Data: Health disparities are pervasive in medicine, but diverse physicians may help the medical profession achieve health equity. Methods: Data from the AAMC for 140 programs (2011/2012-2019/2020) were analyzed for students and full-time surgical faculty. Underrepresented in medicine (URiM) was defined as Black/African American; American Indian/Alaskan Native; Hispanic/Latino/Spanish Origin; or Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander. Non-White included URiM plus Asian, multiracial, and non-citizen permanent residents. Linear regression was used to estimate the association of year and proportions of URiM and non-White female and male faculty with proportions of URiM and non-White students. Results: Medical students were comprised of more White (25.2% vs. 14.4%), non-White (18.8% vs. 6.6%), and URiM (9.6% vs. 2.8%) women and concomitantly fewer men across all groups versus faculty (all P<0.01). While the proportion of White and non-White female faculty increased over time (both p≤0.001), there was no significant change among non-White URiM female faculty, nor among non-White male faculty, regardless of whether they were URiM or not. Having more URiM male faculty was associated with having more non-White female students (estimate =+14.5% students/100% increase in faculty, 95% CI 1.0-28.1%, P=0.04), and this association was especially pronounced for URiM female students (estimate =+46.6% students/100% increase in faculty, 95% CI 36.9-56.3%, P<0.001). Conclusion: URiM faculty representation has not improved despite a positive association between having more URiM male faculty and having more diverse students.

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A framework to improve retention of Black surgical trainees: A Society of Black Academic Surgeons white paper

Suraju,

McElroy,

Moten

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Surgery

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Trends in Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Representation Among Surgical Faculty Members and Medical Students in the US, 2011-2020

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity with Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery

Association of Socioeconomic Status, Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Identity with Sustained and Cultivated Careers in Surgery

At the Intersection of Intersectionality

A framework to improve retention of Black surgical trainees: A Society of Black Academic Surgeons white paper

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