Trends in the extraction of non-renewable resources: The case of fossil energy

Nyambuu, Unurjargal; Semmler, Willi

doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.020

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Figure 3. a) UV/Vis absorption spectra of (Bu 4 N + ) 4 ZnTPPS 4À (2.5 10 À5 m) in the absence (black) and presence of Li + @PCBM PF 6 À (1.1 10 À4 m, gray) in PhCN. b) Plot of absorption versus [Li + @PCBM] at 450 nm.…”

Section: Photoinduced Charge Separation Of Mtpps 4à / LI + @Pcbm Suprmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,2] The current energy resources will run out in the near future. [3,4] It is important to utilize solar energy by using solar cells to resolve these energy problems. Organic solar cells such as organic dye-sensitized solar cells [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and organic thin film solar cells [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] have gained increased attention among the various solar cells, because their production and energy costs are lower than those of inorganic solar cells such as crystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excitation at 532 nm. c) Decay time profiles and d) first-order plots at 995 nm with different laser intensities(3,4, and 5 mJ pulse À1 ). Excitation at 450 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

Kawashima¹,

Ohkubo²,

Okada³

et al. 2014

ChemPhysChem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithium-ion-encapsulated [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester fullerene (Li(+) @PCBM) was utilized to construct supramolecules with sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (MTPPS(4-) ; M=Zn, H2 ) in polar benzonitrile. The association constants were determined to be 1.8×10(5) M(-1) for ZnTPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM and 6.2×10(4) M(-1) for H2 TPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM. From the electrochemical analyses, the energies of the charge-separated (CS) states were estimated to be 0.69 eV for ZnTPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM and 1.00 eV for H2 TPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM. Upon photoexcitation of the porphyrin moieties of MTPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM, photoinduced electron transfer occurred to produce the CS states. The lifetimes of the CS states were 560 μs for ZnTPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM and 450 μs for H2 TPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM. The spin states of the CS states were determined to be triplet by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements at 4 K. The reorganization energies (λ) and electronic coupling term (V) for back electron transfer (BET) were determined from the temperature dependence of kBET to be λ=0.36 eV and V=8.5×10(-3) cm(-1) for ZnTPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM and λ=0.62 eV and V=7.9×10(-3) cm(-1) for H2 TPPS(4-) /Li(+) @PCBM based on the Marcus theory of nonadiabatic electron transfer. Such small V values are the result of a small orbital interaction between the MTPPS(4-) and Li(+) @PCBM moieties. These small V values and spin-forbidden charge recombination afford a long-lived CS state.

show abstract

Section: Photoinduced Charge Separation Of Mtpps 4à / LI + @Pcbm Suprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

Kawashima¹,

Ohkubo²,

Okada³

et al. 2014

ChemPhysChem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Currently, fossil fuel is the main source of energy for power plants in most countries across the globe since electricity generation began in the late 1800s. However, fossil fuel sources are exhaustible and have been diminishing over the last one hundred years [1]. There have been several discussions about the amount of fossil fuel reserves left in the earth's crust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

Malcolm

Aggarwal

2015

Renewable Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tThis paper proposes a modelling and simulation process for assessing the energy absorption capability of metal oxide varistor (MOV) surge arresters used for lightning protection of wind turbines electrical systems situated in wind farms, when exposed to multiple lightning strokes. A section of an existing wind farm, suitable for lightning transient overvoltage analysis is implemented in the Electromagnetic transients programme-Alternative transients programme (EMTP-ATP) environment and modelled as a test system for analysing the energy absorbed by the medium voltage surge arresters when multiple lightning strokes are terminated on one of the blade of the wind turbines. Two well-established sets of multiple lightning current parameters are employed in the EMTP-ATP simulations; the natural downward negative multiple lightning strokes recommended by CIGRE TB 549 (2013) and the downward positive multiple lightning strokes recommended by IEC 61400-24-2010 for lightning protection level one (LPL1). The results show that the subsequent stroke causes the surge arresters to absorbed less than ten percent additional energy compared to that of the first stroke. This comparative analysis could be found beneficial when designing lightning overvoltage protection system and for selecting the most cost effective and optimal energy absorption capabilities of the surge arresters for the intended wind farms.

show abstract

“…However, it does inherently satisfy Principle 12 because the biomass is often composed of waste products from the food and agriculture industry, or it is comprised of living and propagating cells that need nutrients derived from renewable resources. This reason alone calls for further exploration in bio-HMR as it has the potential to constitute a bulk of effluent treatment processes in the future where non-renewable resources will increase in price due to scarcity (Nyambuu and Semmler, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Removal by Bioaccumulation Using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

Diep

Mahadevan

Yakunin

2018

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

253

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Wastewater effluents from mines and metal refineries are often contaminated with heavy metal ions, so they pose hazards to human and environmental health. Conventional technologies to remove heavy metal ions are well-established, but the most popular methods have drawbacks: chemical precipitation generates sludge waste, and activated carbon and ion exchange resins are made from unsustainable non-renewable resources. Using microbial biomass as the platform for heavy metal ion removal is an alternative method. Specifically, bioaccumulation is a natural biological phenomenon where microorganisms use proteins to uptake and sequester metal ions in the intracellular space to utilize in cellular processes (e.g., enzyme catalysis, signaling, stabilizing charges on biomolecules). Recombinant expression of these import-storage systems in genetically engineered microorganisms allows for enhanced uptake and sequestration of heavy metal ions. This has been studied for over two decades for bioremediative applications, but successful translation to industrial-scale processes is virtually non-existent. Meanwhile, demands for metal resources are increasing while discovery rates to supply primary grade ores are not. This review re-thinks how bioaccumulation can be used and proposes that it can be developed for bioextractive applications—the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions for downstream purification and refining, rather than disposal. This review consolidates previously tested import-storage systems into a biochemical framework and highlights efforts to overcome obstacles that limit industrial feasibility, thereby identifying gaps in knowledge and potential avenues of research in bioaccumulation.

show abstract

Trends in the extraction of non-renewable resources: The case of fossil energy

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

Heavy Metal Removal by Bioaccumulation Using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Trends in the extraction of non-renewable resources: The case of fossil energy

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Supramolecular Formation of Li+@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

Supramolecular Formation of Li+@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

The impact of multiple lightning strokes on the energy absorbed by MOV surge arresters in wind farms during direct lightning strikes

Heavy Metal Removal by Bioaccumulation Using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation

Supramolecular Formation of Li⁺@PCBM Fullerene with Sulfonated Porphyrins and Long‐Lived Charge Separation