Trends in the levels of halogenated flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere over the period 2005–2013

Liu, Liang‐Ying; Salamova, Amina; Venier, Marta; Hites, Ronald A.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.025

Cited by 76 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) use and environmental prevalence are increasing, leading to potential for greater human exposure to the chemical in the future (Dodson et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2016b). EH-TBB is an established BFR contaminant in homes and the environment, and may pose a risk to humans, especially to small children who are prone to ingesting dust through hand-mouth contact ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Knudsen¹,

Sanders²,

Birnbaum³

2016

Toxicol. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2-Ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB; MW 549.92 g/mol; CAS 183658-27-7) is a brominated component of flame retardant mixtures used as substitutes for some PBDEs. EH-TBB is added to various consumer products, including polyurethane foams, and has been detected in humans. The present study characterized the fate of EH-TBB in rodents. [ 14 C]-labeled EH-TBB was absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated via the urine and feces following single administrations of 0.1-100 mmol/kg ($0.05-55 mg/kg) or repeated administration (0.1 mmol/kg/day Â 5-10 days) by gavage to female Hsd:Sprague DawleySD (SD) rats. Cumulative excretion via feces increased (39-60%) with dose (0.1-10 mmol/kg) with corresponding decreases in urinary excretion (54 to 37%) after 72 h. Delayed excretion of [ 14 C]-radioactivity in urine and feces of a 100 mmol/kg oral dose was noted. Recovery was complete for all doses by 72 h. IV-injected rats excreted more of the 0.1 mmol/kg dose in urine and less in feces than did gavaged rats, indicating partial biliary elimination of systemically available compound. No tissue bioaccumulation was found for rats given 5 oral daily doses of EH-TBB. Parent molecule was not detected in urine whereas 2 metabolites, tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a TBBA-sulfate conjugate, and a TBBA-glycine conjugate were identified. EH-TBB and TBBA were identified in extracts from feces. Data from gavaged male B6C3F1/Tac mice indicated minimal sex-or species differences are likely for the disposition of EH-TBB. Approximately 85% of a 0.1 mmol/kg dose was absorbed from the gut. Overall absorption of EH-TBB is expected to be even greater at lower levels.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Knudsen¹,

Sanders²,

Birnbaum³

2016

Toxicol. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Spatial and temporal trends of PBDEs and some non-PBDE HFRs have been reported for the US IADN sites. 11,[15][16][17][18] A very recent study by Liu et al 19 reported atmospheric concentrations and detailed trends of PBDEs, PBEB, HBBz, BTBPE, DBDPE and anti-and syn-DDC-CO over the time period of 2005-2013 and EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP over the time period of 2008-2013. However, detailed spatial and temporal trend analyses of HFRs in air samples collected at the Canadian sites in the GLB have not yet been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal trends of halogenated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (2005–2014)

Shunthirasingham

Alexandrou

Brice

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Organic pollutants have been monitored in the atmosphere of the Great Lake Basin (GLB) since the 1990s in support of the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and to determine the effectiveness of source reduction measures and factors influencing air concentrations. Air samples were collected between 2005 and 2014 at three sites with different geographical characteristics (Burnt Island, Egbert and Point Petre) in the Canadian GLB using high-volume air samplers and the air samples were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several other non-PBDE halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Spatial and temporal trends of total concentrations of HFRs were examined. BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209 were the dominant PBDE congeners found at the three sites. For the non-PBDE HFRs, allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (TBP-AE), hexabromobenzene (HBBz), pentabromotoluene (PBT), anti-dechlorane plus (anti-DDC-CO) and syn-dechlorane plus (syn-DDC-CO) were frequently detected. High atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs were found at the Egbert site with a larger population, while lower levels of PBDEs were detected at Point Petre, which is close to urban centers where control measures are in place. The strong temperature dependence of air concentrations indicates that volatilization from local sources influences atmospheric concentrations of BDE-28 and BDE-47 at Point Petre and Burnt Island, while long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) was important for BDE-99. However, a weaker correlation was observed between air concentrations and ambient temperature for non-PBDE HFRs such as TBP-AE and HBBz. Atmospheric PBDE concentrations are decreasing slowly, with half-lives in the range of 2-16 years. Faster declining trends of PBDEs were observed at Point Petre rather than at Burnt Island. As Point Petre is closer to urban centers, faster declining trends may reflect the phase out of technical BDE mixtures in urban centers while LRAT influences the air concentrations at Burnt Island. The levels of syn-DDC-CO and anti-DDC-CO are decreasing at Point Petre and the levels of other non-PBDE HFRs such as TBP-AE, PBT and HBBz are increasing. Long-term declining trends of PBDEs suggest that regulatory efforts to reduce emissions to the GLB environment have been effective but that continuous measurements are required to gain a better understanding of the trends of emerging chemicals in the atmosphere of the GLB.

show abstract

“…In addition to household and office dust, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP are found worldwide in outdoor dust, sediment, and wildlife (3, 4, 18, 19, 25-28). In studies of the Great Lakes atmosphere, both chemicals appear to be increasing with calculated doubling times of 3-6 years (29). Both EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP are slated to undergo a full risk assessment under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Work Plan and Action Plan (30).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exact global production volumes for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP are unavailable; conservative estimates for total novel BFR production is 100,000 tons/year (32, 33). Both EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP have low vapor pressures, high lipophilicity (estimated log P of 7.73-8.75 and 9.48-11.95, respectively (1, 2)), as well as high persistence and bioaccumulation characteristics (19, 29). Toxicity profiles for both chemicals are poorly described (33, 34).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of human percutaneous bioavailability for two novel brominated flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP)

Knudsen

Hughes

Sanders

et al. 2016

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) are novel brominated flame retardants used in consumer products. A parallelogram approach was used to predict human dermal absorption and flux for EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP. [14C]-EH-TBB or [14C]-BEH-TEBP was applied to human or rat skin at 100 nmol/cm2 using a flow-through system. Intact rats received analogous dermal doses. Treated skin was washed and tape-stripped to remove “unabsorbed” [14C]-radioactivity after continuous exposure (24h). “Absorbed” was quantified using dermally retained [14C]-radioactivity; “penetrated” was calculated based on [14C]-radioactivity in media (in vitro) or excreta+tissues (in vivo). Human skin absorbed EH-TBB (24±1%) while 0.2±0.1% penetrated skin. Rat skin absorbed more (51±10%) and was more permeable (2±0.5%) to EH-TBB in vitro; maximal EH-TBB flux was 11±7 and 102±24 pmol-eq/cm2/h for human and rat skin, respectively. In vivo, 27±5% was absorbed and 13% reached systemic circulation after 24 h (maximum flux was 464±65 pmol-eq/cm2/h). BEH-TEBP in vitro penetrance was minimal (<0.01%) for rat or human skin. BEH-TEBP absorption was 12±11% for human skin and 41±3% for rat skin. In vivo, total absorption was 27±9%; 1.2% reached systemic circulation. In vitro maximal BEH-TEBP flux was 0.3±0.2 and 1±0.3 pmol-eq/cm2/h for human and rat skin; in vivo maximum flux for rat skin was 16±7 pmol-eq/cm2/h. EH-TBB was metabolized in rat and human skin to tetrabromobenzoic acid. BEH-TEBP-derived [14C]-radioactivity in the perfusion media could not be characterized. Less than 1% of the dose of EH-TBB and BEH-TEHP is estimated to reach the systemic circulation following human dermal exposure under the conditions tested.

show abstract

Trends in the levels of halogenated flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere over the period 2005–2013

Cited by 76 publications

References 37 publications

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Disposition of the Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant, 2-Ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromobenzoate, in Female SD Rats and Male B6C3F1 Mice: Effects of Dose, Route, and Repeated Administration

Temporal trends of halogenated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (2005–2014)

Estimation of human percutaneous bioavailability for two novel brominated flame retardants, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About