Trends in the molecular epidemiology and population genetics of emerging<i>Sporothrix</i>species

Roberto, Thiago Nunes; Carvalho, Jamile Ambrósio de; Beale, Mathew A.; Hagen, Ferry; Hahn, Rosane Christine; Camargo, Zoilo Pires de; Rodrigues, Alessandro

doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100131

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(167 reference statements)

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“…A similar conclusion was drawn recently for members of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex showing a narrow geographical range, such as Paracoccidioides venezuelensis and Paracoccidioides restrepiensis. 30 The antifungal susceptibility profile of F. pedrosoi isolates was similar to those reported in other studies, regardless of the susceptibility method used. 39,[91][92][93] However, a survey carried out in the Rondônia state, Brazil, reported lower MIC values for eight F. pedrosoi isolates, using the same antifungal agents and methodology.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The evolutionary relationships among all the genotypes of Fonsecaea isolates were investigated using principal component analysis (PCA), Self‐Organising Maps (SOM) and Minimum Spanning Trees (MSTs) as previously described. 29 , 30 The following descriptive genetic parameters for AFLP markers were calculated: polymorphic information content ( PIC ), 31 expected heterozygosity ( H ), 32 effective multiplex ratio ( E ), 33 arithmetic mean heterozygosity ( Havp ), 33 marker index ( MI ), 33 , 34 discriminating power ( D ) 35 and resolving power ( Rp ). 36 All figures were exported and treated using Corel Draw 2021.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology and clinical‐laboratory aspects of chromoblastomycosis in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Guevara

Nery

Melhem

et al. 2022

Mycoses

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Introduction Chromoblastomycosis is a disease caused by melanized fungi, primarily belonging to the genera Fonsecaea and Cladophialophora, mainly affecting individuals who are occupationally exposed to soil and plant products. This research aimed to determine the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with chromoblastomycosis treated at the Júlio Müller University Hospital, Cuiabá, Brazil, from January 2015 to December 2020, whose isolates were preserved in the Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Isolates were identified by partly sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and β‐tubulin (BT2) loci. AFLP fingerprinting was used to explore the genetic diversity. Susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole, 5‐fluorocytosine, terbinafine and amphotericin B was determined by the broth microdilution technique. Results Ten patients were included, nine were male (mean age = 64.1 years). Mean disease duration was 8.6 years. Lesions were mainly observed in the lower limbs. Predominant clinical forms were verrucous and scarring. Systemic arterial hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus were the predominant comorbidities. Leprosy was the main concomitant infectious disease. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was the unique aetiological agent identified with moderate genetic diversity (H = 0.3934–0.4527; PIC = 0.3160–0.3502). Antifungal agents with the highest activity were terbinafine, voriconazole and itraconazole. Conclusion Chromoblastomycosis is affecting the poor population in rural and urban areas, mainly related to agricultural activities, with F. pedrosoi being the dominant aetiologic agent. All isolates had low MICs for itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine, confirming their importance as therapeutic alternatives for chromoblastomycosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology and clinical‐laboratory aspects of chromoblastomycosis in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Guevara

Nery

Melhem

et al. 2022

Mycoses

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“…AFLP’s main advantage is the simultaneous assessment of several loci, randomly distributed throughout the genome, without prior knowledge of the DNA sequence. This makes the AFLP singularly helpful for species with no genomic knowledge, and a powerful tool to be used to explore Sporothrix genetic diversity, answer questions related to the structure of the population, transmission routes, intra and interspecific variability, as well as modes of recombination and reproduction, among many other biological issues [ 254 , 255 , 256 ].…”

Section: Trends In the Diagnosis Of Sporotrichosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

Rodrigues

Gonçalves

Carvalho

et al. 2022

JoF

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Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.

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“…Thus, AFLPs are dominant markers that recognize genetic variations between any two fungal genomes due to (i) a mutation in the restriction site for enzymes, (ii) a mutation in the sequence corresponding to the selective bases during selective amplification, and (iii) a deletion/insertion within the amplified fragment [ 106 ]. Major published AFLP applications correspond to microorganisms of the fungal kingdom [ 143 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 ].…”

Section: Genotyping Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Molecular Diagnostics and Genotyping Tools Applied for Emerging Sporothrix Species

Carvalho

Monteiro

Hagen

et al. 2022

JoF

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Sporotrichosis is the most important subcutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals worldwide. The mycosis is caused after a traumatic inoculation of fungal propagules into the host and may follow an animal or environmental transmission route. The main culprits of sporotrichosis are thermodimorphic Sporothrix species embedded in a clinical clade, including S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, S. globosa, and S. luriei. Although sporotrichosis occurs worldwide, the etiological agents are not evenly distributed, as exemplified by ongoing outbreaks in Brazil and China, caused by S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, respectively. The gold standard for diagnosing sporotrichosis has been the isolation of the fungus in vitro. However, with the advance in molecular techniques, molecular assays have complemented and gradually replaced the classical mycological tests to quickly and accurately detect and/or differentiate molecular siblings in Sporothrix. Nearly all techniques available for molecular diagnosis of sporotrichosis involve PCR amplification, which is currently moving towards detecting Sporothrix DNA directly from clinical samples in multiplex qPCR assays. From an epidemiological perspective, genotyping is key to tracing back sources of Sporothrix infections, detecting diversity in outbreak areas, and thus uncovering finer-scale epidemiological patterns. Over the past decades, molecular epidemiological studies have provided essential information to policymakers regarding outbreak management. From high-to-low throughput genotyping methods, MLSA, AFLP, SSR, RAPD, PCR-RFLP, and WGS are available to assess the transmission dynamics and sporotrichosis expansion. This review discusses the trends in the molecular diagnosis of sporotrichosis, genotyping techniques applied in molecular epidemiological studies, and perspectives for the near future.

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Trends in the molecular epidemiology and population genetics of emergingSporothrixspecies

Cited by 23 publications

References 109 publications

Molecular epidemiology and clinical‐laboratory aspects of chromoblastomycosis in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Molecular epidemiology and clinical‐laboratory aspects of chromoblastomycosis in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

Trends in Molecular Diagnostics and Genotyping Tools Applied for Emerging Sporothrix Species

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