Trends in U.S. life expectancy gradients: the role of changing educational composition

Hendi, Arun S.

doi:10.1093/ije/dyv062

Cited by 94 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Table B8 in Online Resource 1 shows the racial/ ethnic survival gradient by level of education and over time. The results are consistent with those of prior literature, which showed racial/ethnic differences at each educational level and improving survival for all groups except for whites with low education (Brown et al 2012;Hendi 2015;Sasson 2016). …”

Section: Correction Of Mortality Estimatessupporting

confidence: 92%

Working Life Expectancy at Age 50 in the United States and the Impact of the Great Recession

Dudel

Myrskylä

2017

Demography

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A key concern about population aging is the decline in the size of the economically active population. Working longer is a potential remedy. However, little is known about the length of working life and how it relates to macroeconomic conditions. We use the U.S. Health and Retirement Study for 1992-2011 and multistate life tables to analyze working life expectancy at age 50 and study the impact of the Great Recession in [2007][2008][2009]. Despite declines of one to two years following the recession, in 2008-2011, American men aged 50 still spent 13 years, or two-fifths of their remaining life, working; American women of the same age spent 11 years, or onethird of their remaining life, in employment. Although educational differences in working life expectancy have been stable since the mid-1990s, racial differences started changing after the onset of the Great Recession. Our results show that although Americans generally work longer than people in other countries, considerable subpopulation heterogeneity exists. We also find that the time trends are fluctuating, which may prove troublesome as the population ages. Policies targeting the weakest performing groups may be needed to increase the total population trends.

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Section: Correction Of Mortality Estimatessupporting

confidence: 92%

Working Life Expectancy at Age 50 in the United States and the Impact of the Great Recession

Dudel

Myrskylä

2017

Demography

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“…[24,25] The data that both Olshansky and colleagues and we used involved matching vital statistics and census data aggregated by age, sex, race, and educational attainment. As we elaborate in the Appendix,[20] such matching can lead to an underestimation of death rates for those with less than a high school education at any single point in time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24,25] This method avoids the potential mismatch problems of aggregate data and allows for more consistent measurement of education over time and across geographic areas; however, sample sizes are much smaller than available in the Multiple Cause-of-Death files we used and the surveys analyzed exclude the institutionalized population, unlike our data. The fact that researchers using different data sets have obtained similar findings suggests that these findings are not simply artifacts of the data being used but reflect actual changes in mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Recent Apparent Declines In Longevity: The Role Of Increasing Educational Attainment

et al. 2015

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Independent researchers reported an alarming decline in life expectancy after 1990 among US non-Hispanic whites with less than a high school education. However, US educational attainment rose dramatically over the twentieth century; thus, focusing on changes in mortality rates of those not completing high school means looking at a different, shrinking, and increasingly vulnerable segment of the population in each year. We analyzed US data to examine the robustness of earlier findings to categorizing education in terms of relative rank in the overall distribution of each birth cohort, instead of by credentials such as high school graduation. Estimating trends in mortality for the bottom quartile, we found little evidence that survival probabilities declined dramatically. We conclude that widely publicized estimates of worsening mortality rates among whites with low socioeconomic position are highly sensitive to how educational attainment is classified. However, whites with low socioeconomic position, especially women, are not sharing in improving life expectancy, and disparities between US blacks and whites are entrenched. Findings underscore the urgency of an agenda to equitably disseminate new medical technologies and to deepen knowledge of social determinants of health and how it can be applied to promote the objective of achieving population health equity.

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“…Examples of this phenomenon include opportunities for education and enrichment, exposures to particular types of trauma and injury, and access to and uptake of behavioral health treatment. It is well know that education is important to long-term cognitive health and although women in the United States now outnumber men with respect to graduate degrees, women in some communities are not encouraged to seek higher education and overall health status is adversely impacted (Hendi, 2015). Likewise, females are more likely than males to experience sexual abuse during critical periods of brain development and maturation, particularly during peri-adolescence when sub-cortical structures are vulnerable to insult (Felitti et al, 1998).…”

Section: Defining Sex and Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How

Bale

Epperson

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

124

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The inclusion of sex as a biological variable in research is absolutely essential for improving our understanding of disease mechanisms contributing to risk and resilience. Studies focusing on examining sex differences have demonstrated across many levels of analyses and stages of brain development and maturation that males and females can differ significantly. This review will discuss examples of animal models and clinical studies to provide guidance and reference for the inclusion of sex as an important biological variable relevant to a Neuropsychopharmacology audience.

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Trends in U.S. life expectancy gradients: the role of changing educational composition

Cited by 94 publications

References 21 publications

Working Life Expectancy at Age 50 in the United States and the Impact of the Great Recession

Working Life Expectancy at Age 50 in the United States and the Impact of the Great Recession

Measuring Recent Apparent Declines In Longevity: The Role Of Increasing Educational Attainment

Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How

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