Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Edelsberg, John; Taneja, Charu; Zervos, Marcus J.; Haque, Nadia Z.; Moore, Carol L.; Reyes, Katherine; Spalding, James; Jiang, Jenny; Oster, Gerry

doi:10.3201/eid1509.081228

Cited by 302 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…[4][5][6] It is also a leading cause of keratitis, a community acquired infection that occurs mainly in contact lens wearers and those with corneal injury. 7,8 Hospital and community isolates both are increasingly methicillin resistant and resistant to third generation fluoroquinolones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of corneal epithelial cells toStaphylococcus aureus

Heimer

Yamada²,

Russell³

et al. 2010

Virulence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of corneal epithelial cells toStaphylococcus aureus

Heimer

Yamada²,

Russell³

et al. 2010

Virulence

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“…Using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient sample, Edelsberg et al 3 found a 29% increase in hospital admissions for SSTIs during a 5-year period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004). In a study that assessed the incremental clinical and economic burden of hospitalized patients with a secondary diagnosis of SSTIs compared with matched controls without SSTIs, patients with SSTIs had a mean of 3.8 additional days of hospitalization, $14,794 excess hospital charges, and an increased risk of mortality (odds ratio, 1.32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospitalist Perspective on the Treatment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Amin

Cerceo

Deitelzweig

et al. 2014

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

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The prevalence of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has been increasing in the United States. These infections are associated with an increase in hospital admissions. Hospitalists play an increasingly important role in the management of these infections and need to use hospital resources efficiently and effectively. When available, observation units are useful for treating low-risk patients who do not require hospital admission. Imaging tools may help to exclude abscesses and necrotizing soft tissue infections; however, surgical exploration remains the principal means of diagnosing necrotizing soft tissue infections. The most common pathogens that cause SSTIs are streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) is a prevalent pathogen, and concerns are increasing regarding the unclear distinctions between community-acquired and hospital-acquired MRSA. Other less frequent pathogens that cause SSTIs include Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cephalexin and clindamycin are suitable options for infections caused by streptococcal species and methicillin-susceptible S aureus. The increasing resistance of S aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes to erythromycin limits its use in these infections, and better alternatives are available. Parenteral cefazolin, nafcillin, or oxacillin can be used in hospitalized patients with nonpurulent cellulitis caused by streptococci and methicillin-susceptible S aureus. When oral MRSA therapy is indicated, clindamycin, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or linezolid is appropriate. Vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, telavancin, and ceftaroline fosamil are intravenous options that should be used in MRSA infections that require patient hospitalization. In the treatment of patients with SSTIs, hospitalists are at the forefront of providing proper patient care that reduces hospital costs, duration of therapy, and therapeutic failures. This review updates guidelines on the management of SSTIs with a focus on infections caused by S aureus, particularly MRSA, and outlines the role of the hospitalist in the effective management of SSTIs.

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“…6 Current trends indicate the expanding reservoir of MRSA in the community is likely to become a source for recurrent transmission into hospitals where it would put many more patients at risk for developing highly virulent and multidrug resistant infections. 7 Due to the steady decrease in the rate of new antibiotics reaching the market, an urgent need exists for the development of alternate therapeutic approaches.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermal killing of Staphylococcus aureus using antibody-targeted gold nanoparticles

Millenbaugh¹,

Baskin²,

DeSilva³

et al. 2015

IJN

101

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Purpose The continued emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial infections and the decline in discovery of new antibiotics are major challenges for health care throughout the world. This situation has heightened the need for novel antimicrobial therapies as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The combination of metallic nanoparticles and laser exposure has been proposed as a strategy to induce physical damage to bacteria, regardless of antibiotic sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to test the antibacterial effect of antibody-targeted gold nanoparticles combined with pulsed laser irradiation. Methods Gold nanoparticles conjugated to antibodies specific to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan were incubated with suspensions of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MRSA and MSSA). Bacterial suspensions were then exposed to 8 ns pulsed laser irradiation at a wavelength of 532 nm and fluences ranging from 1 to 5 J/cm 2 . Viability of the bacteria following laser exposure was determined using colony forming unit assays. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm the binding of nanoparticles to bacteria and the presence of cellular damage. Results The laser-activated nanoparticle treatment reduced the surviving population to 31% of control in the MSSA population, while the survival in the MRSA population was reduced to 58% of control. Significant decreases in bacterial viability occurred when the laser fluence exceeded 1 J/cm 2 , and this effect was linear from 0 to 5 J/cm 2 ( r 2 =0.97). Significantly less bactericidal effect was observed for nonfunctionalized nanoparticles or functionalized nanoparticles without laser activation. Conclusion Laser-activated nanoparticles targeted to S. aureus surface antigens significantly reduced the percentage of viable organisms and represents a promising new treatment modality that could be used either alone or as an adjunct to existing, conventional antibiotic therapy.

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Trends in US Hospital Admissions for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Cited by 302 publications

References 7 publications

Response of corneal epithelial cells toStaphylococcus aureus

Response of corneal epithelial cells toStaphylococcus aureus

Hospitalist Perspective on the Treatment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Photothermal killing of Staphylococcus aureus using antibody-targeted gold nanoparticles

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