Trends of changes in the botanical diversity under the influence of desertification in the republic of Kalmykia

Stability of Droughty Ground of European Russia to the Processes of Desertification

“…There is the domination on 16 . Consequently, despite the episodic occurrence of its filling with water in the canalside area, the succession is traced from hygrophytic reed beds to steppificated meadows through quackgrass halophytic and glycophytic options, on the sands -from blady grass communities to sandy steppe.…”

“…The degree of degraded lands amounted to 96.2%, with 56.1% being in a stage of strong and very strong desertification, corresponding to the zone of ecological disaster. Here, on the tops of barchans Calligonumaphyllum was occasionally presented, Leymusracemosus -on the slopes, Artemisia lerchianasabulosa involving Agropyron fragilein interbarchan degradations.The species composition of the communities ranged from 0 to 5-7 species, projective cover -from 0-15% 16 . Currently, the chernozemic pastures are the stage for demutational processes, the indicator of which is vegetation.…”

“…In these studies, the variations in climate and as a result, the economic and social risks generated by it and by anthropogenic factors were determined as the most important factor contributing to the degradation.In the International program "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment -MEA" the emphasis in definition of desertification was shifted from degradation to a steady decrease in the dryland ecosystems productivity 14 . Based on the concept and methodology of the study of desertification of FAO / UNEP (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization / United Nations Environment Programme) of the Institute of Deserts of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan [1.15], the authors of this article have made a number of amendments thereto in relation to purposes and natural features of the study area.In addition, we have developed an environmental concept that allows us to trace the entire course of organic evolution, the natural environment differentiation in natural and anthropogenic conditions of desertification [16][17][18] . The husbandry practice in arid environments of Kalmykia showed that soil and vegetation are the most comprehensive indicators of the current state of the environment.The weakening of the selfmaintenance ability of communities is observed upon a strong pasture degradation, soil erosion and manmade influences.…”

Динамика Процессов Опустынивания В Республике Калмыкия С середины 1980-Х Гг. До Настоящего Времени

“…В конце 1980-х гг. 47,8 % площади Калмыкии были подвергнуты сильной и даже экстремально тяжелой форме почвенной деградации [Bananova, Lazareva 2014]. Основной причиной деградации естественного степного растительного покрова был перевыпас неподходящих для природных условий Калмыкии видов скота и его чрезмерное количество.…”

Contribution of lichens in the formation of biological soil crusts in the steppes of the Khangai upland (Mongolia)

“…The vegetation in arid regions of Eurasia is actively investigated by Russian scientists (Abaturov and Nukhimovskaya, 2013;Bananova and Lazareva, 2014;Novikova et al, 2010;Tulokhonov et al, 2014), but BSCs very rarely become research objects. When part of Central Asia was within the former Soviet Union, the role of cyanobacteria, algae, and lichens in the for mation of desert biogeocenoses was studied there (Dzhuraeva, 1980;Novichkova Ivanova, 1980).…”