Trends of nanotechnology in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment

Abstract

There are several therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). When diet and exercise fail to control hyperglycemia, patients are forced to start therapy with antidiabetic agents. However, these drugs present several drawbacks that can affect the course of treatment. The major disadvantages of current oral modalities for the treatment of T2DM are mainly depicted in the low bioavailability and the immediate release of the drug, generating the need for an increase in frequency of dosing. In conjugation with the manifestation of adverse side effects, patient compliance to therapy is reduced. Over the past few years nanotechnology has found fertile ground in the development of novel delivery modalities that can potentially enhance anti-diabetic regimes efficacy. All efforts have been targeted towards two main vital steps: (a) to protect the drug by encapsulating it into a nano-carrier system and (b) efficiently release the drug in a gradual as well as controllable manner. However, only a limited number of studies published in the literature used in vivo techniques in order to support findings. Here we discuss the current disadvantages of modern T2DM marketed drugs, and the nanotechnology advances supported by in vivo in mouse/rat models of glucose homeostasis. The generation of drug nanocarriers may increase bioavailability, prolong release and therefore reduce dosing and thus, improve patient compliance. This novel approach might substantially improve quality of life for diabetics. Application of metal nanoformulations as indirect hypoglycemic agents is also discussed.

Minocycline-Derived Silver Nanoparticles for Assessment of Their Antidiabetic Potential against Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

“…The excellent hypoglycemic activities of mino/AgNPs could be attributed to the combined effect of both, i.e., minocycline and AgNPs. Minocycline, due to its tremendous antioxidant potential, could act by decreasing oxidative stress due to ROS, whereas AgNPs in addition to its antioxidant effect could act by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through inhibiting the activity of the inhibitory enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) [50,51]. The combined effect of mino/AgNPs resulted in reduced oxidative stress with higher insulin secretion.…”

Emerging Treatment Strategies for Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications: An Update

“…Nanotechnology has excellent applications in the development of a drug delivery system (DDS). The majority of biological performances rely on nanoscale units such as ribosomes and viruses [2]. Nanoparticles (NPs) can directly interact with subcellular entities, which can activate intracellular events.…”

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and one of the major causes of morbidity globally [1,2]. It is among the top three non-transmissible conditions, responsible for more than 80% of deaths related to non-transmissible illnesses and the top 10 causes of death worldwide.…”

Advances in Nanoparticle Delivery System for Erectile Dysfunction: An Updated Review

“…These have exclusive properties such as possess different shapes, small size (1–100 nm), high surface area to volume ratio, chemical, and physical properties. 19 , 20 , 21 Encapsulation of drugs into NPs enhance drugs solubility, reduce toxicity, facilitate delivery at the specific site, control and sustain their release. 20 , 22 At the moment, there are numerous scientific reports on the different nanoparticle delivery systems for the treatment and recuperation of male ED.…”

“… 19 , 20 , 21 Encapsulation of drugs into NPs enhance drugs solubility, reduce toxicity, facilitate delivery at the specific site, control and sustain their release. 20 , 22 At the moment, there are numerous scientific reports on the different nanoparticle delivery systems for the treatment and recuperation of male ED. However, what is insufficient is the comprehensive review that assembles the experimental evidence and logical comments that provides recommendation for the future research in the drug development.…”