Trends of Resistance to Antimicrobials Recommended Currently and in the Past for Management of Gonorrhea in the Apex STD Center in India and Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance Profile Between 2002–2006 and 2007–2012

Bala, Manju; Singh, Vikram; Bhargava, Aradhana; Ramesh, V.

doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000261

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When the existence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms was first reported about 70 years ago [49], it may have been overlooked due to the presence of other drugs that could potentially treat these infections. But the widespread, unregulated use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of several drug-resistant microorganisms causing diseases such as typhoid [50], cholera [51], diarrheal illness [52], enterococcal infections [53], gonorrhea [54,55], urinary tract infections [56], malaria [57], HIV [58], tuberculosis [59], and other respiratory infections [60] including influenza [61].…”

Section: Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics-Induced Obesity: A Mitochondrial Perspective

Andrade

Jayaprakash

Bhat

et al. 2017

Public Health Genomics

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Antibiotics are the first line of treatment against infections and have contributed immensely to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, extensive use of antibiotics has led to alterations of the gut microbiome, predisposition to various diseases and most importantly, increase in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which poses a major threat to global public health. Another major issue faced worldwide due to unregulated use of antibiotics in children as well as in adults is the influence of metabolism and body weight homeostasis, leading to obesity. Apart from the involvement of biosocial causes influencing diet, physical activity, and antibiotic use, pathogenesis of obesity is linked to interconnected functional alterations in cells, tissues and organs due to biochemical, epigenetic and genetic factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one such factor, which is becoming the primary focus of various aspects of research on multifactorial complex diseases and is providing new perspectives on etiology, biomarker-based diagnosis, and drug sensitivity. Through this review, we have made an attempt to present the interplay between use of antibiotics, obesity, and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. This may provide insights into the molecular basis, genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, which in turn may have potential clinical applications in the management of antibiotic use.

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Section: Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics-Induced Obesity: A Mitochondrial Perspective

Andrade

Jayaprakash

Bhat

et al. 2017

Public Health Genomics

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“…eisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates resistant to extendedspectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), the last remaining options for empirical therapy, and most other antimicrobials have been reported worldwide in recent years (1)(2)(3)(4). Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are considering infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drugresistant (XDR) N. gonorrhoeae major public health problems (5)(6)(7).…”

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“…The strains were interpreted to be susceptible, less susceptible, and resistant (2,19,21,22). MDR isolates were defined as quinoloneresistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) ϩ penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG); QRNG ϩ tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG); QRNG ϩ PPNG ϩ TRNG; QRNG ϩ azithromycin-resistant (AzR) N. gonorrhoeae; and QRNG ϩ PPNG ϩ TRNG ϩ AzR N. gonorrhoeae (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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“…Susceptibility testing for gentamicin and other antimicrobials, such as ESCs (ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefixime), penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and azithromycin, was performed using the Etest strip per manufacturer instructions (bioMérieux SA, France) on GC agar (Becton, Dickinson and Company [BD], Sparks, MD) containing 1% vitamin growth supplement (HiMedia, India) or Isovitalex (BD). Susceptibility testing for the above antibiotics (except cefixime) was also performed by the calibrated dichotomous sensitivity (CDS) disk diffusion technique (2,19,20).The strains were interpreted to be susceptible, less susceptible, and resistant (2,19,21,22). MDR isolates were defined as quinoloneresistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) ϩ penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG); QRNG ϩ tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG); QRNG ϩ PPNG ϩ TRNG; QRNG ϩ azithromycin-resistant (AzR) N. gonorrhoeae; and QRNG ϩ PPNG ϩ TRNG ϩ AzR N. gonorrhoeae (7).…”

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Gentamicin Susceptibility among a Sample of Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in India

Bala

Singh

Bhargava

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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bAntimicrobial susceptibility testing of 258 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates by Etest determined that 60.1% were multidrug resistant (MDR), while 5% of the strains had decreased susceptibility to currently recommended extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). Among these, 84.5% of MDR strains and 76.9% of strains that had decreased susceptibility to ESCs were susceptible to gentamicin. No MDR isolate was resistant to gentamicin. These in vitro results suggest that gentamicin might be an effective treatment option for the MDR strains and in dual therapy for gonorrhea. However, further research regarding the clinical treatment outcomes is essential. N eisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates resistant to extendedspectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), the last remaining options for empirical therapy, and most other antimicrobials have been reported worldwide in recent years (1-4). Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) are considering infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drugresistant (XDR) N. gonorrhoeae major public health problems (5-7). With the increasing prevalence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need for new and effective treatment options. Gentamicin has been used for the past 2 decades in the management of gonorrhea in Malawi (8, 9). Gentamicin has been considered an option for the treatment of infections due to the MDR and XDR strains and for future treatment of gonorrhea particularly in dual therapy in other geographic regions (10-12).Earlier studies focused on the in vitro susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to gentamicin (8,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Some of these studies were on a limited number of isolates (13,17). To the best of our knowledge, no study has analyzed the in vitro susceptibility of gentamicin against MDR strains. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the (i) trend of in vitro susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to gentamicin during 2010 to 2015, (ii) status of gentamicin susceptibility for MDR strains and strains with decreased susceptibility to ESCs, and (iii) profile of gentamicin-less-susceptible (LS) strains for eight other antimicrobials recommended currently and in the past for treatment of gonorrhea.A total of 258 N. gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from consecutive patients attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic from August 2010 to December 2015 were identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, and oxidase, superoxol, and carbohydrate utilization tests (18). Susceptibility testing for gentamicin and other antimicrobials, such as ESCs (ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefixime), penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and azithromycin, was performed using the Etest strip per manufacturer instructions (bioMérieux SA, France) on GC agar (Becton, Dickinson and Company [BD], Sparks, MD) containing 1% vitamin growth supplement (HiMedia, India) or Isovitalex (BD). Susceptibilit...

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