“…Multiple clinical specimen types for non-invasive detection include the upper respiratory tract (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and saliva), lower respiratory tract (deep cough sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), digestive tract (anal swab), and urinary tract (urine) 77 . A range of laboratory-based non-invasive diagnostic tools are available as follows: rapid point-of-care tests (POCT) (rapid antigen detection, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays, recombinase polymerase amplification assays, microfluidic chips) 78 , standard analysis (serum immunoassay using antibodies, urine antigen detection, immunochemistry, smear microscopy, blood/sputum cultures, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry assay, and molecular diagnostics) 79 , 80 , and auxiliary detection (whole blood cells counts, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, T-cell activation-induced marker assays) 81 , 82 . Molecular diagnostics is considered the gold standard for viral diagnosis 83 .…”