Trends of spring time frost events and phenological dates in Central Europe

Scheifinger, Helfried; Menzel, Annette; Koch, Elisabeth; Peter, C. T.

doi:10.1007/s00704-002-0704-6

Cited by 161 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In general, our findings suggest that, today, trees do not profit to the same extent from the frost-free period as half a century ago and that, on average, the potential risk of damage by late spring frost for the new leaves and flowers of the trees may have decreased (see also Scheifinger et al (2003)). A similar result was also found by a phenological and photosynthetic model comparison by Linkosalo (2001) for the last 93 years in Finland.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Climatological And Phenological Growing Sementioning

confidence: 66%

Variations of the climatological growing season (1951–2000) in Germany compared with other countries

Menzel

Jakobi

Ahas

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

169

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We analyse how variations in the climatological growing season, defined by single-value thresholds of daily minimum and mean air temperature, mirror recent changes in plant phenological phases. In Germany 41 climate stations), the dates of last spring frost T min < 0°C (<−3°C and <−5°C) advance by 0.24 (0.23 and 0.32) days per year on average, and the first day when the daily mean temperature constantly exceeds 5°C (7°C and 10°C) advances by 0.13 (0.21 and 0.09) days per year. The respective autumn dates are delayed up to 0.25 days per year; in total, the climatological growing season is lengthened by 0.11 to 0.49 days per year, depending on the criterion analysed. However, a certain station-to-station variability is displayed. Mean trends of phenological phases correspond well to those measures of the climatological growing season having similar seasonal occurrence. Thus, for example, the extension of the growing seasons of trees (up to 0.22 days per year) averages the lengthening of the period where the daily mean temperature constantly exceeds 5°C (0.23 days per year). However, the greatest changes result for the lengthening of the frost-free period (0.49 days per year) due to the observed stronger increase in daily minimum rather than maximum temperatures. Consequently, trees may not take advantage of the frost-free season as before, but may profit from a reduced risk of damage by late spring frosts.A parallel evaluation of trends in the climatological growing season in other European countries (Austria, Switzerland, Estonia) supports this finding of a stronger lengthening of the frost-free period than that of the growing season based on daily mean air temperature. The mean lengthening of the frost-free period of 0.50 days per year in Austria and Switzerland (1951-99, 18 stations <950 m a.s.l.) and 0.34 days per year in Estonia (1951Estonia ( -2000 is quite similar to that in Germany. The lengthening of the growing season (T mean ≥ 7°C) in Austria and Switzerland (0.39 days per year) also approximates the respective result for Germany (0.36 days per year). However, in several cases, the trends increase with altitude (up to 500-900 m a.s.l.), but at high-elevation climate stations (>950 m a.s.l.) weaker trends are again generally observed.

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Section: Comparison Of the Climatological And Phenological Growing Sementioning

confidence: 66%

Variations of the climatological growing season (1951–2000) in Germany compared with other countries

Menzel

Jakobi

Ahas

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

169

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“…An increase in the length of the growing season has already been observed for trees in Europe and North America (Menzel and Fabian, 1999;Penuelas and Filella, 2001). Changes in the date of bud burst will modify exposures to late frost (Scheifinger et al, 2003), or to outbreaks of phytophagous insects (Van Asch and Visser, 2007). The adaptive response of trees to these rapid climatic changes will depend on the levels of genetic variation within natural populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting relations between diversity of candidate genes and variation of bud burst in natural and segregating populations of European oaks

et al. 2009

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Nucleotide diversity was assessed within nine candidate genes (in total 4.6 kb) for the time of bud burst in nine sessile oak (Quercus petraea) populations distributed in central and northern Europe. The sampled populations were selected on the basis of their contrasting time of bud burst observed in common garden experiments (provenance tests). The candidate genes were selected according to their expression profiles during the transition from quiescent to developing buds and/or their functional role in model plants. The overall nucleotide diversity was large (p tot ¼ 6.15 Â 10 À3 ; p silent ¼ 11.2 Â 10 À3 ), but population differentiation was not larger than for microsatellites. No outlier single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), departing from neutral expectation, was found among the total of 125 SNPs. These results contrasted markedly with the significant associations that were observed between the candidate genes and bud burst in segregating populations. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bud burst were identified for 13 year * site seasonal observations in a cloned mapping pedigree.Nineteen QTLs were detected, and QTLs located on linkage groups 2, 5 and 9 contributed repeatedly to more than 12% of the phenotypic variation of the trait. Eight genes were polymorphic in the two parents of the pedigree and could be mapped on the existing genetic map. Five of them located within the confidence intervals of QTLs for bud burst. Interestingly, four of them located within the three QTLs exhibiting the largest contributions to bud burst.

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“…flowering, leafing, breeding, leaf fall) are linked to temperatures, respond to changing temperatures with shifts in their phenophases. An overwhelming number of phenological data indicate shifts towards earlier start of the GS in the latter part of the 20th century, and this has been coupled to warming associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO (D'Odorico et al, 2002;Menzel, 2003;Aasa et al, 2004), warming in spring (Cayan et al, 2001;Chmielewski and Rötzer, 2001a,b;Chmielewski et al, 2004) and increases in minimum temperatures, longer frost-free periods or earlier last spring freeze dates (AbuAsab et al, 2001;Scheifinger et al, 2003;Schwartz et al, 2006). This focus on the GS start in phenological studies is due to (1) the largest changes having been noticed in spring and (2) the relatively large uncertainty in timing the end of the GS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of the thermal growing season in China, 1951–2007

Song

Linderholm

Chen

et al. 2009

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Observed 20th century changes in the length of the growing season (GS) across the Northern Hemisphere have been linked to increasing temperatures, associated with global warming. Past studies of GS changes in China have largely been based on phenological observations and satellite data, and little attention has been paid to changes in starting and ending dates of GS. Here we examine changes in the thermal GS over China from 1951 to 2007 based on observed daily surface air temperature. Using five indices, trends of three GS parameters, start, end and length, were determined at 114 high-quality stations over China. Our results show large spatial and temporal differences in the GS parameters in China, where the most prominent changes have occurred in northern China relative to southern China. On average, from 1951 to 2007 the GS has been extended by 2.3 days/decade in northern China where most of these changes is due to an earlier onset of the GS in spring (−1.7 days/decade). In southern China, there is an average increase of GS by 1.3 days/decade with 0.6 days/decade earlier onsets in spring. Furthermore, most stations showing significant trends of GS changes are located in northern China. An extended GS in northern China indicates improved agricultural conditions due to warmer and longer GS. However, this effect may be counteracted by changes in the precipitation pattern.

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Trends of spring time frost events and phenological dates in Central Europe

Cited by 161 publications

References 26 publications

Variations of the climatological growing season (1951–2000) in Germany compared with other countries

Variations of the climatological growing season (1951–2000) in Germany compared with other countries

Contrasting relations between diversity of candidate genes and variation of bud burst in natural and segregating populations of European oaks

Trends of the thermal growing season in China, 1951–2007

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